No. 4.] NEW ENGLAND AGRICULTURE. 103 



with overwhelming and irresistible force. They show thut, 

 while New England has been passing through a momentous 

 process of social and industrial transition, the result has 

 been an enormous gain in general prosperity and well- 

 being. I cannot better close this branch of my subject 

 than by quoting a few paragraphs from an article written in 

 1890 by one of the eminent and honored sons of Massa- 

 chusetts, Ex-Governor Boutwell. The fact that the U. S. 

 census returns of 1890 had not then appeared will account 

 for his citations from the Massachusetts census of 1885. 



In 1880 the population of Massachusetts was 1,783,085, and 

 in 1885 it was 1,942,141. A like rate of increase will give an 

 aggregate of about 2,200,000 by the census of 1890. More 

 importaut is the fact that the manufacturing industries of the 

 State have increased in a ratio that is far iu excess of the rate 

 of increase in population. In 1875 the total horse-power that 

 was employed in manufactures was 219,889, and in 1885 it was 

 365,012^, — a gain of 6G per cent. In but one county, the 

 county of Dukes, was there a loss, and that was a loss of only 

 14 horse-power. In 1875 the value of the machinery in the State 

 was $65,500,000, and in 1885 it exceeded $100,000,000, of which 

 less than 5 per cent has been imported. In 1885 there were 23,- 

 431 mamifaeturing industries iu Massachusetts, of whicli 15,561 

 AA-ere establislied since the passage of the tariff act of 1861 ; and 

 of these, 5,634 were erected in the years from 1880 to 1884 in- 

 elusive. In the same five years 667 factories and mills were 

 erected for the production of metals and of metal goods. The 

 raw material used in manufactures in the year 1885 was valued 

 at a trifle less than $390,000,000, and the value of the goods man- 

 ufactured exceeded $674,000,000. The leading industries ai-e in 

 cotton, leather and food preparations, and in these the tariff duties 

 play no considerable part except in the wages of labor. These 

 three industries aggregate a total of more than $250,000,000. 

 In 17,125 of the 23,431 establishments there were 419,966 wage 

 earners, who received as wages, in the year 1885, the sum of 

 $147,415,316. The total fixed capital invested in manufactures 

 exceeded $500,000,000. In 1860 the deposits in savings banks 

 aggregated $45,000,000, counting only the millions, and in 1889 

 there were $332,000,000. The gain in 1889 was $17,500,000. 

 There were 230,000 depositors in 1860 and 1,029,000 in 1889. 

 In 1889 there was an increase of more than 46,000 in the number 

 of depositors. ' 



