No. 4.] INSECTICIDES AND FUNGICIDES. 199 



insects and the fungi injuring each crop together ; and time 

 will })crn]it only of a brief mention of the characteristics of 

 each. 



The Apple. 



Attacking the apple we have the larvoe of the codling moth 

 (^Carpocajisa pomonella), the tent caterpillar (OUsiocampa 

 americana)y the bud moth {Tmetocera ocillana), the fall 

 canker worm (Anisopierix pomeiaria), the spring canker 

 worm (Paleacrila vernaia) f the apple maggot {Trypeta 2)omo- 

 nella), the plum curculio (^ConotracJielus nenuphar^ and the 

 apple curculio (^Authonomus quadvigihhus) . 



The codling moth is a small gray moth that flies in the 

 night and lays its eggs in the calyx or blossom end of the 

 apple just about the time the petals are falling ; the larvae or 

 worms penetrate the apple and feed upon its tissue, generally 

 causing it to drop or ripen prematurely. After reaching its 

 full growth the larva comes out of the apple and makes its 

 cocoon under the bark of the tree, on fence rails or any dry 

 substance that will afford it some protection. 



The te7it caterpillar moth is larger than the codling moth, 

 of a gray-brown color, and lays its eggs in clusters around 

 the twigs toward the ends of the branches of the apple, peach, 

 wild cherry and some other trees. The eggs hatch in May, 

 and the larvoe form webs in the forks of the branches. After 

 completing its growth the larva makes a cocoon on dry sub- 

 stances, like rails, boards, stones, etc., and comes out the 

 following autumn to continue its round of life. 



The bud moth is very small, and lays its eggs in the buds 

 of the apple and pear, the larvee eating out the centre of both 

 leaf and flower bud, and often causing serious damage. 



The canker worm moths, of which there are two species, 

 are light gray in color, the male having wings, while the 

 female has none, and must crawl up the tree where it lays 

 its eggs. Both species come out on warm nights, when 

 the ground is unfrozen, more or less from November 1 to 

 May 1. These eggs hatch early in the spring, as soon as 

 the leaves have unfolded suflSciently to furnish food for 

 the larvae, which feed voraciously up to about June 10, 

 when they spin a thread and swing down to the ground, 

 where they make their cocoon and undergo their changes. 



