200 BOAKD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc. 



The fall and spring canker worms are very much alike in 

 habit, except that most of the former come out and lay their 

 eirsfs in the fall nnder favorable circumstances, while the 

 latter generally do not lay their eggs until toward spring. 



The ap])le maggot is a small brown fly, about one-half the 

 size of the house fly, that we see in large numbers around 

 piles of cider apples, and which lay their eggs in the apple 

 by puncturing the skin. It attacks the mild acid and sweet 

 apples more than the more acid varieties. 



The jplum curcuUo and apj)Ie curcuUo are small beetles 

 from one-eighth to one-fourth of an inch long, with projecting 

 mouth-parts something like the trunk of the elephant. The 

 former makes a crescent-shaped mark under the skin, in which 

 it lays its eggs, while the latter makes a deeper round hole, 

 laying an egg at the bottom. The eggs of the apple curculio 

 hatch and the larvae mature in the apple, while that of the 

 plum curculio seldom matures, but the effect upon the fruit 

 is the same, — an irregular growth, the apple being checked 

 at the point attacked, while the remainder grows on, and 

 we have gnarly or uneven apples. 



The fungi injuring the apple are the apple scab {Fusicla- 

 dium dendriticum) and the apple rust (Roestelia aurantiaca). 

 The cqijile scab is a dark olive-green or almost black fungous 

 growth, that causes the scabby apples. When it appears 

 early in the season it checks the growth at the point of attack, 

 and gnarly apples result ; but if the attack is as late as August 

 or September the fruit is simply disfigured. When the 

 leaves are largely covered with this apple scab they turn 

 yellow and fall off*. The apple rust only attacks the leaf, 

 its first appearance being small yellowish-brown spots. As 

 these increase in size and number the leaf is so injured as to 

 cause it to fall off". 



The insects and fungi attacking the apple, with the ex- 

 ception of the apple maggot, are destroyed by the combined 

 use of the Bordeaux mixture and Paris green.* The routine 

 for the season is as follows : Jirst, just before the leaves 

 have unfolded, spray with the Bordeaux mixture (a) and 

 Paris green, one pound to one hundred gallons ; second^ 

 just before the petals open use mixture (h) with one pound 



* Sae Bulletin No. 25, Hatch Experiment Station. 



