No. 4.] INSECTICIDES AND FUNGICIDES. 211 



The spores also remain in the ground upon which any of 

 these crops have been grown, and if either the turnip or 

 cabbage is phmted on land manured with cabbage-waste com- 

 post, or where a previous crop has been a cruciferous one, 

 it is sure to be attacked. As this fungus grows under the 

 ground, no ordinary fungicide will reach it, and the only 

 remedy we have is not to plant the cabbage on land where 

 any other cruciferous crop has been grown for at least two 

 years. 



Success in the application of liquid fungicides or insecti- 

 cides depends very largely upon how thoroughly the surface 

 of the plants spraj^ed is covered, and how much of the 

 material remains fixed. To obtain these results, a nozzle 

 must be used that will break the stream into a very fine spray 

 or mist. Among the nozzles that accomplish this result may 

 be mentioned the many forms of the Vermorel, the Stott, 

 the INIcGowan and the Gem. 



When plants are growing rapidly, more frequent applica- 

 tions of funoicides or insecticides need be made than after 

 the growth is more fully completed, as a leaf that is in the 

 bud to-day, to-morrow may be fully expanded and exposed 

 to the dangers of insect or fungous attack. The expense 

 of spraying is very small, even when done on a small 

 scale ; and when the most approved appliances are used and 

 larger areas are sprayed, as may be done by co-operation in 

 villages or towns, or by some one person setting up in the 

 business to protect neighborhood crops, the expense can be 

 greatly reduced. Without the use of fungicides and insec- 

 ticides, however, very few of our crops can be made certain. 



Mr. Stanley. I have had some experience in fruit rais- 

 ing, and have found nothing better than air-slacked lime 

 for the curculio. Some say that wood ashes are equally 

 good. The lime should be sifted over the plum trees daily 

 for at least three days, beginning when the bloom appears. 

 Some people cannot readily obtain the Bordeaux mixture, 

 but air-slacked lime is alwavs to be had. 



Mr. Hill. Air-slacked lime undoul)tedly has some effect, 

 and covering the trees with any dust will do something 

 toward protecting the crop from the curculio ; but we have 



