THE LEPIDOPTERA. 291 



Their further progress has been already described 

 (see page 44), so that it will scarcely be necessary to 

 dwell upon it here. After changing their skins seve- 

 ral times, they proceed to some appropriate spot to 

 undergo their transformation to the pupa state, for 

 which purpose the caterpillars of some species bury 

 themselves in the earth, whilst others suspend them- 

 selves by means of their silky secretion either to the 

 plants on which they have been feeding, or in some 

 sheltered situation about walls, palings, or houses. 

 Some of them enclose themselves in a complete 

 cocoon of this material ; others are only suspended by 

 the tail, or by a few threads placed across the body 

 and attached to the object from which they hang. 

 The pupa is of the kind technically known as obtected, 

 that is to say, it is completely enclosed in a horny 

 case, in which the limbs are only to be detected by 

 the elevations of the surface which they cause. 



A very cursory examination of a few Lepidopterous 

 insects will show us that they may be satisfactorily 

 divided into two great groups, to which we may apply 

 the popular names of Butterflies and Moths. In the 

 former the antennae are clubbed at the extremity, the 

 wings are generally carried upright in repose, and 

 destitute of any apparatus to keep them connected 

 during flight. These are called Khopalocera* by 

 Entomologists, in allusion to their clubbed antennae. 

 In the Moths, on the contrary, the antennae, 

 although very variable in form, are scarcely ever 

 clubbed at the apex (never in the British species) ; 

 the wings are laid flat on the back or deflexed on the 

 sides during repose, and when extended for flight the 

 two wings of each side are held in connexion by means 

 * Gr. rhopalon, a club ; keras, a horn. 



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