8 Of the preparation of Soils. 



dry, and sterile toward the top. These differences become greater 

 as the inclination is more steep. Upon such slopes, it becomes 

 highly important that the surface should be covered with vegetation 

 arid consolidated by its roots. There is no growth so favorable for 

 this purpose as that of trees, and elsewhere we will notice the disas- 

 trous results that have followed from their clearing off upon steep 

 mountain sides. In some cases, the damage is beyond remedy, 

 while in others it may be arrested and utility restored. 



Of the preparation of the Soil for sowing or planting Forest Trees. 



33. In preparing land for a grove or woodland, the soil should be 

 thoroughly mellowed by previous working or cultivation. Upon 

 new prairie land there is but little chance of success in starting a 

 successful growth of trees until the sod has been turned over and 

 thoroughly rotted. This can best be done by cultivating at least 

 one or two years previously with some farm crop. 



34. The first breaking up of the sod can only be done to advan- 

 tage in the season when vegetation is most active, and it varies 

 somewhat in different years and in different localities. It may be 

 generally said to last through the month of June, and it sometimes 

 may continue longer. Toward the latter part of summer and in 

 autumn, the soil is too dry and hard for breaking up, and the herb- 

 age does not so readily decompose. The first furrows must be broad 

 and thin. The subsequent plowing should be deeper, and the soil 

 should be rendered perfectly mellow by harrowing. 



35. For windbreaks and hedges, this preliminary work may be in 

 the line of proposed planting, and at least four feet wider than the 

 intended borders. 



36. In the planting of trees for avenues, the soil near the surface, 

 which is generally more fertile, should be placed by itself, and this 

 should be the first that is used in covering the roots. In hard clay 

 soils, there is an advantage in preparing the holes in autumn, and 

 leaving them to the action of the air and the frost through the win- 

 ter, in readiness for the next spring. 



37. It is sometimes necessary, and often advantageous, to fertilize 

 at the time of planting, and the best material that can be used is 

 well-rotted leaf-mold from the woods. It may be first mixed with 

 the soil that is spread next to the roots. Where stable manure is 

 used, it should be placed near, but not in contact with the roots, or it 



