The Butternut. 277 



1113. These nursing-trees may be taken out when the gro\vth be- 

 comes too dense, and they will be then of use as fuel and for various 

 farm purposes. An acre of laud requires for planting about seven 

 bushels of black walnuts with the shucks on. They must be 

 planted early, and in a dry prairie soil they require to be covered 

 more deeply than in a humid soil. 



1114. In Canada, the black walnut once abounded in the country 

 drained by the tributaries of the St. Clair river, but it has now be- 

 come scarce, and from present prospects it will soon disappear as a 

 native timber tree. 



1115. BUTTERNUT (Juglam cinerea). This tree, when grown 

 alone, is noted for its broad-spreading habit, but in woods, among 

 other trees, it grows to forty or sixty feet in height. Its lumber is 

 brownish-white, and in texture much like that of the black walnut. 

 It works smoothly, takes a good finish, and is much used for inside 

 finishings. 



1116. This tree is widely distributed throughout the Northern 

 and Middle States, is easily raised from the nuts, and, like the black 

 walnut, it is difficult to transplant. It prefers a rich, calcareous 

 soil, and under favorable circumstances its growth is quite rapid. 

 It must, however, be crowded laterally, if we wish to have it form 

 a tall straight trunk. 



1117. The bark of the butternut has medicinal properties that 

 give it the specific name Cathartica, as applied by Micaux. It is 

 also sometimes used for dyeing, and it possesses some tanning prop- 

 erties. 



1118. Juylans Californica. This is a large shrub or small tree, 

 but sometimes found forty to sixty feet in height and from two to 

 four feet in diameter. It occurs in California, from San Francisco 

 southward. 



1119. Jucjlam rupestris. This is a shrub found in Texas, New 

 Mexico, and Arizona, and grows to from six to twenty feet in height. 



THE WILLOWS AXD POPLARS. (Natural Order Salitinece). 



1120. This natural order embraces only the wdllows and the pop- 

 lars, concerning which botanists differ greatly in the classification. 

 They are scattered over the north temperate and borders of the 

 Arctic zone ; some occur within the tropics, and a few in the south- 

 ern hemisphere, but none in Australia or on the islands of the South- 

 ern Pacific. 



