204 GENERAL ANATOMY. 



this kind of death, both in men and animals This congestion 

 is easily distinguished from inflammation by the absence of all 

 morbid, mucous, purulent or plastic product on the surface of 

 the membrane, by the other cadaverous phenomena depending 

 on the settling of the blood in the right side of the heart, and 

 especially by the state of the skin, which, like the mucous 

 membrane, presents livid spots and sometimes echymoses. 



SECTION III. 



OF THE SKIN. 



289. The skin, pellis, cutis, corium^ 6tp,ua, constitutes the 

 external tegument; it is a compound membrane furnished with 

 various appendages, which envelops and protects the body, 

 and has other important functions. 



290. Galen has made some remarks upon the structure of 

 the skin, and particularly upon its functions. The anonymous 

 author of the Anatomical Introduction, and after him, Avicenna, 

 were the first who spoke of the fleshy panicle, panniculus carno- 

 sus. Vesalius and Columbus still thought the skin was perforat- 

 ed by the natural openings: but Casserius, as we have already 

 seen, had observed that it was continued into the nostrils and 

 mouth; we are also indebted to him for a figure of the epider- 

 mis, separated from the dermis. J. Fabricius has given a very 

 exact and detailed account of the various appendages of the 

 skin of animals; since then, the observations of anatomists 

 upon this organ, have been greatly increased.* 



* M. Malpig'hi, de lingua extrc.it. epist. dc Externo tactu organo epist., iti 

 op.omn. torn ii. J..M. Hoffmann, de. cuticula et cute. Altd. 1685. Littre, 

 Obs. sur les differentes parties de la peau, etc. Acad. roy. des Sci. 1702. < 

 F. de Riet, de Organo tactts. Lug-d-Bat. 1743. J Fantoni, de Carports inte- 

 gumentis, etc. Turin, 1746. Lecat. Traite des sens. Cruikshank, Experi- 

 ments on the insensible perspiration, etc. Loud. 1795. C. F. Wolff, de Cute, 

 in nov. Com. Petrop. vol. viii. G. A. Gautier, Rechcrches sur forgane cutanc. 

 Paris, 1811. Dutrochet Obs. sur la struct, dc la pcau. Journ. compl. 

 vol. v. J. F. Schroter, das Memchlich Geftihl, dc. Leipzig, 1814. Law- 

 rence in Rees* Cyclopaedia. Seller in Anat. phys'wl. RealworterbbcH- 



