594 



AMERICAN MEN OF SCIEMCE 



the Museum of Comparative Zoology are parts 

 of Harvard, whereas the New York Botanical 

 Garden and the American Museum of Natural 

 History are not parts of Columbia, though 

 their heads and other officers may be professors 

 at Columbia, and their facilities may be used 

 for graduate study to the same extent as the 

 Harvard institutes and museums. Or to take 

 another example from the institution with 

 which the writer is connected, the School of 

 Pharmacy has but small educational connec- 

 tion with Columbia, but its professors would 

 be added to the strength of its departments, 

 whereas the Union Theological Seminary, now 

 adjacent to Columbia, is closely affiliated with 

 it educationally, but the professors would not 

 be counted in its strength. 



The geologists of the TJ. S. Geological Sur- 

 vey form the strongest group of men in the 

 same science and under the same institution. 

 The zoologists of Harvard stand next with 

 about half the strength. There then follow in 

 order the physicists of Harvard, the chemists 

 of the Massachusetts Institute, the botanists 

 of Harvard, the zoologists of Columbia, the 

 mathematicians of Chicago, the pathologists 

 of Harvard and the physicists of the Bureau 

 of Standards. These are the departments 

 which have a strength equivalent to fifteen or 

 more men of standing. 



Reviewing the sciences in order, it appears 

 that in mathematics Chicago and Harvard are 

 far in the lead, followed by Columbia, Yale 

 and Illinois, the advance of the last institu- 

 tion being noteworthy here and in chemistry. 

 In physics Harvard has double the strength 

 of any other university and has gained largely. 

 Columbia, which four years ago stood first, 

 has lost more than any university in any 

 department. In chemistry, the Massachusetts 

 Institute of Technology stands clearly first, 

 followed by Yale, Harvard and the Johns 

 Hopkins. In astronomy, the great observa- 

 tories Yerkes, Lick and Harvard give their 

 universities precedence. The Mt. Wilson 

 Observatory of the Carnegie Institution has 

 entered this group, while the U. S. Naval 

 Observatory has dropped from it. In geology 



the U. S. Survey overshadows the universities, 

 among which Yale, Harvard, Chicago and 

 Wisconsin are in the lead. In botany Har- 

 vard is far in advance, followed among uni- 

 versities by Chicago and Cornell. The New 

 York Botanical Garden and the Department 

 of Agriculture stand next to Harvard. The 

 Department of Agriculture has, however, suf- 

 fered severe losses within four years and is 

 now as strong in chemistry as in botany. In 

 zoology Harvard, Columbia and Chicago have 

 by far the strongest departments. The Amer- 

 ican Museum of Natural History is twice as 

 strong as the U. S. National Museum. In 

 physiology, under which physiological chem- 

 istry and pharmacology are included, Harvard 

 is followed by Yale and the Johns Hopkins. 

 In anatomy the Johns Hopkins is followed by 

 Harvard and Michigan. In pathology Har- 

 vard is followed by the Johns Hopkins, which 

 precedes Chicago, Columbia and Michigan. 

 The dependencies of the Smithsonian Institu- 

 tion employ nearly half the anthropologists of 

 the country, but they have lost ground in 

 recent years. Columbia, Harvard, California 

 and Clark are the only universities with ade- 

 quate departments. In psychology Columbia 

 and Harvard have about double the strength 

 of Clark, Cornell and Chicago. 



Reviewing the same figures from the point 

 of view of the institutions, the primacy of 

 Harvard among our universities is unchal- 

 lenged. It stands first in physics, botany, 

 zoology, physiology and pathology; second in 

 mathematics, geology, anatomy, anthropology 

 and psychology, and third in chemistry and 

 astronomy. In every science of the twelve, it 

 is so nearly first that a small change would 

 place it there. This is a remarkable record, 

 and all honor should be given to the men 

 responsible for it. The departments of Chi- 

 cago and Columbia stand next to Harvard 

 with about half its strength. Chicago stands 

 first in mathematics and astronomy; second 

 in botany and third in geology, zoology and 

 pathology. Columbia stands first in anthro- 

 pology and psychology, second in zoology and 

 third in mathematics. The departments at 



