6 4 



ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY 



Note. In the completed hand, the fingers and the thumb can 

 be moved from side to side, independently; that is, they can be 

 spread apart (abduction) and drawn together (adduction) (p. 18). 



SUPINATION AND PRONATION 



These are terms applied to certain movements of the ex- 

 tremities. They are best seen in the forearm where they change 

 the position of the hand. 



The head of the radius rests in the radial notch of the ulna, 

 held there by a circular band called the ring ligament (orbicular), 

 and it can be rolled forward or backward, within the ring (a form 

 of pivot joint). Of course, the shaft moves at the same time, the 

 lower end turning forward or backward around the head of the 

 ulna, and the wrist and hand must accompany it. When the 

 radius and the ulna are placed in the anatomic position, their 

 shafts are parallel and the hand lies upon its back ; this is stipula- 

 tion. If the radius rolls forward, the shafts become crossed, and 

 the hand lies upon its face; this is pronation. 



Surgical notes. Supination and pronation are very important 

 movements. If they are prevented the hand loses much of its 

 usefulness, therefore fractures of the shafts should not be set in 

 the position of pronation, lest adhesions form between the crossed 

 shafts, preventing supination. 



BONES OF THE LOWER EXTREMITY 



In the Thigh Femur i 



In the Leg { Tibia 



I Fibula 



Talus 



Calcaneus. . 



7 



ad row . . 



] Cuboid 



In the Tarsus j Navicular bone. . 



ist cuneiform.. . . 



ad cuneiform. . . . 



3d cuneiform. . . . 



Metatarsus Metatarsal bones 5 



Toes or Digits Phalanges 14 



Patella . , A sesamoid bone. i 



ist row. . . 



