430 PATHOGENIC MICROORGANISMS 



of meat poisoning similar to the one described by Gartner, in which 

 similar bacteria were isolated, were those described by Van Ermengem, 1 

 occurring at Morseele in 1891, the one described by Hoist, 2 the Rotter- 

 dam epidemic described by Poels and Dhont, 3 the one described by 

 Basenau, and many others. 



Bacillus Morseele of Van Ermengem, Bacillus bovis morbificans of 

 Basenau, 4 and the bacilli isolated in similar epidemics by other ob- 

 servers, are, except for slight differences in minor characteristics, 

 almost identical with Gartner's microorganism. 



In 1893, Theobald Smith and Moore, 5 studying the diseases of swine, 

 noted a great similarity between the so-called hog-cholera bacillus, the 

 bacilli of the Gartner group, and Bacillus typhi murium isolated by 

 Loeffler. These observers first used the term " hog-cholera " group for 

 the organisms under discussion. 



In 1899 Reed and Carroll 6 called attention to the fact that Bacillus 

 icteroides, associated by Sanarelli with yelloXv fever, was culturally 

 closely similar to the bacillus of hog cholera. 



Meanwhile, other observers had been isolating bacilli, similar to 

 those spoken of above, from cases of protracted fevers in human beings, 

 often closely simulating typhoid infections. The first cases of this 

 kind on record were those of Achard and Bensaude. 7 



In 1897, Widal and Nobecourt 8 described a bacillus which they had 

 isolated from an esophageal abscess following typhoid fever, which 

 closely resembled Bacillus psittacosis of Nocard, 9 and which, following 

 a nomenclature previously suggested by Gilbert, 10 they designated the 

 paracolon bacillus. This microorganism, as well as Bacillus psittacosis, 

 isolated from a parrot by Nocard, showed a close resemblance to bacilli 

 of the Gartner group. 



In 1898, Gwyn " reported a case occurring at the Johns Hopkins 



1 Van Ermengem, Bull. Acad. d. med. de Belgique, 1892; " Trav. de lab. de 

 1'univ. de Gand," 1892. 



1 Hoist, Ref. Cent. f. Bakt,, xvii, 1895. 



3 Poels und Dhont, Holland Zeit. f. Tierheilkunde, xxiii, 1894. 



4 Basenau, Arch. f. Hyg., xx, 1894. 



8 Th. Smith and Moore, U. S. Bureau of Animal Industry Bull, vi, 1894. 



6 Reed and Carroll, Medical News, Ixxiv, 1899. 



7 Achard and Bensaude, Bull, de la soc. d. hopitaux de Paris, Nov., 1906. 



8 Widal et Nobecourt, Semaine me'd., Aug., 1897. 



9 Nocard, Ref. Baumgarten's Jahresb., 1896. 



10 Gilbert, Semaine me'd., 1895. 



11 Gwyn, Johns Hopkins Hosp. Bull., 1898. 



