X CONTENTS 



PAGE 



8. The respiration of plants 162 



9. The geotropism of stems . . . . . . .174 



10. The various forms of foliage-bearing stems . . .179 



11. The forms and functions of stems not connected with 



support of foliage ....... 191 



12. The monstrosities of stems and leaves .... 196 



13. The economics, and treatment in cultivation, of stems . . 205 



CHAPTER V. THE MORPHOLOGY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF ROOTS . 212 



1. The distinctive features of roots 212 



2. The structure of roots 215 



3. The cellular anatomy of roots 220 



4. The absorption of water, and other functions of roots . 224 



5. Osmotic processes in plants . . . . . . 232 



6. The composition and structure of soils .... 237 



7. The self-adjustments of roots to prevailing conditions . 247 



8. The additional, and substitute, functions of roots . . 250 



9. The economics, and treatment in cultivation, of roots . 257 



10. Summary of the functions and tissues of plants . . 261 



CHAPTER VI. THE MORPHOLOGY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF FLOWERS . 267 



1. The distinctive features of flowers . . ... . 267 



2. The structure of flowers 269 



3. The accomplishment of fertilization by flowers . . 276 



4. The nature and consequences of fertilization . . . 279 



5. The methods and meaning of cross-pollination . . 286 



6. Methods of asexual reproduction 298 



7. The origin and significance of sex ..... 302 



8. Heredity, variation, and evolution ..... 308 



9. The methods used by man in breeding better plants . 317 



10. The morphology of flowers 322 



11. The morphology and ecology of flower clusters . . 335 



12. Special forms, abnormalities, and monstrosities of flowers 340 



13. The economics, and treatment in cultivation, of flowers . 343 



CHAPTER VII. THE MORPHOLOGY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF FRUITS . 345 



1. The distinctive characteristics of fruits .... 345 



2. The structure and morphology of fruits .... 347 



3. The dissemination and dispersal of plants . . . 356 



4. Special forms and monstrosities of fruits .... 366 



5. The nature and cure of plant diseases .... 367 



6. The economics and cultivation of fruits , , 370 



