CONTENTS 



PART I. MORPHOLOGY 



I. '1 hallophytes ....... I 



1. Myxomycetes I 



2. Schizophytes 4 



(1) Cyanophyceae ... 4 



(2) Schizomycetes . . . 10 



3. Algae 14 



(1) Chlorophyceae ... 15 



(a) Volvocales . . 15 



(b) Protococcales . 20 



(c) Confervales . . 24 



(d) Siphonales . . 33 



(e) Conjugates . . 37 



(f) Charales ... 41 



(2) Phaeophyceae ... 44 



(a) Phaeosporales . 45 



(b) Fucales ... 49 



(3) Rhodophyceae ... 54 



4. Fungi 61 



(i) Phycomycetes ... 62 



(a) Oomycetes . . 62 



(b) Zygomycetes . 67 

 (2} Ascomycetes ... 70 



(a) Protoascales . . 70 



(b) Protodiscales . 71 



(c) Helvellales . . 71 



(d) Pezizales ... 71 



(e) Tuberales ... 74 



(f) Plectascales . . 74 



(g) Pyrenomycetales 75 

 (h) Laboulbeniales . 77 

 Lichens 78 



(3) Basidiomycetes . . 80 



(a) Ustilaginales . 8l 



(b) Uredinales . . 82 



(c) Auriculariales . 86 



(d) Tremellales . . 86 



(e) Dacromycetales 86 



(f) Exobasidiales . 86 



(g) Thelephorales . 87 

 (h) Clavariales . . 87 



(I) (i) Agaricales . . 87 



(j) Hymenogas- 



trales ... 90 

 (k) Sclerodermales 90 

 (1) Lycoperdales . 90 

 (m) Nidulariales . 90 

 (n) Phallales . . 90 

 Lichens .... 91 

 II. Bryophytes 92 



1. Hepaticae 93 



(1) Marchantiales . . 93 



(2) Jungermanniales . 101 



(a) Anacrogynae . 101 



(b) Acrogynae . . 103 



(3) Anthocerotales . .106 



2. Musci i io 



(1) Sphagnales . . . no 



(2) Andreaeales . . .114 



(3) Bryales . . . .115 



III. Pteridophytes 122 



(1) Lycopodiales . .122 



(2) Psilotales .... 142 



(3) Sphenophyllales . 143 



(4) Equisetales . . .143 



(5) Ophioglossales . . 149 



(6) Filicales . . . .155 



(a) Filicineae . .155 



(b) Hydropteridi- 



neae . . .170 



IV. Spermatophytes 180 



A. Gymnosperms . . . .181 



(1) Cycadofilicales . .181 



(2) Bennettitales . .185 



(3) Cycadales . . . .190 



(4) Cordaitales . . .203 



(5) Ginkgoales . . .207 



(6) Coniferales . . .212 



(a) Taxaceae . .212 



(b) Pinaceae . .219 



(7) Gnetales .... 228 



vii 



