LEAVES 



bananas (fig. 846) ; (2) evergreens with broad and stiff leaves, the so- 



called broad-leaved sderophylls, as the live oak and the holly (fig. 809) ; 



(3) evergreens with stiff, needle-like leaves, as in the pine and the spruce 



(fig- 955); (4) succulent desert evergreens, as Agave (fig. 921); and (5) 



leafless evergreens, 



such as the cacti (fig. 



1035) and Ephedra. 



A transition to de- 



'ciduous trees is seen 



in the potential ever- 



greens, such as Ilex 



decidua, which, 



though deciduous in 



the northern states 



(as suggested by the 



specific name), is 



evergreen farther 



south, as are various 



oaks that are decid- 



uous in the north. 



Magnolia grandi- 



flora, a true ever- 



green in the Gulf 



states, retains its 



leaves at its northern 



limit, although they 



die before the winter 



IS over, thus resem- FIG. 846. A group of banana trees (Musa); the gigantic 



bling the beech and leaves have been much frayed by the wind (marginal me- 

 those oaks in which chanical tissue being poorly developed), giving the effect of 

 a pinnate palm leaf; the shrubs beneath the banana trees 

 the autumnal absciss are coffee plants (Coffea arabica ). X alapa, Mexico. 



layer is imperfectly Photograph supplied by LAND. 

 developed. 



The causes of leaf fall. The leaf behavior ^of deciduous trees and 

 of tropical evergreens obviously is related to external factors, in the 

 former being associated with climatic periodicity (either of moisture, as 

 in the monsoon forests of India, or of temperature, as in the northern 

 deciduous forests), while in the latter it is associated with uniform 

 moisture and temperature. That the deciduous and the evergreen 



