782 



ECOLOGY 



1093 



1091 



accumulation of food in 

 the affected tissues. In 

 some cases parasites cause 

 atrophy (reduced cell size) 

 or hypoplasy (reduced cell 

 number). Often gall tis- 

 sues remain in a condi- 

 tion more primitive than 

 that of uninfected tissues; 

 the primordia of wood and 

 bast, for example, often 

 remain parenchyma to us 

 instead of developing into 

 complex tissues. 



The most astonis ling 

 feature of galls is the de- 

 velopment of nutritive 



FIGS. 1090-1093. Cross sec- 

 tions of galls, showing anato nical 

 features: 1090, a solid cynipid 

 gall from an oak twig, cut in 

 half; note the radiating lines of 

 tissue, and the central larval 

 chamber (c); 1091, a section of 

 an oak gall; e, epidermis; o, 

 cortex, the grains representing 

 plastids (chloroplasts above and 

 leucoplasts with prominent starch 

 grains below) ; s, protective layer 

 of sclerenchymatous cells ; /, /', 

 nutritive layers adjoining the 

 larval chamber, / being a layer 

 rich in starch, and /' a layer 

 whose cells are rich in proteins 

 and prominentlynucleated ; 1092, 

 part of the nutritive tissue of the 

 gall of Nematus gallorum; note 

 the resemblance to the tissues 

 in an intumescence; 1093, iso- 

 lated nutritive hairs of a Cepha- 

 loneon gall from a maple (Acer); 

 1091-1093, highly magnified. 

 1090 after KERNER, 1091 after 

 LACAZE-DUTHIERS, 1092, 1093 

 after KUSTER. 



