FOR THE FIELD AND FIELD TRIALS. 47 



by us, and they partly understand ours, as Rengger 

 and others declare. It is a most remarkable fact that 

 the dog, since being domesticated, has learned to 

 bark in at least four or five distinct tones. Although 

 barking is a new art, no doubt the wild parent species 

 of the dog expressed their feelings by cries of various 

 kinds. With the domesticated dog, we have the 

 bark of eagerness, as in the chase ; that of anger as 

 well as growling; the yelp or howl of despair, as 

 when shut up ; the baying at night ; the bark of joy, 

 as when starting on a walk with his master, and the 

 very distinct one of demand or supplication, as when 

 wishing for a door or window to be opened. Accord- 

 ing to Houzeau, who paid particular attention to the 

 subject, the domestic fowl utters at least a dozen sig- 

 nificant sounds. 



"The habitual use of articulate language is, how- 

 ever, peculiar to man; but he uses in common with 

 the lower animals inarticulate cries to express his 

 meaning, aided by gestures and the movement of the 

 muscles of the face. This specially holds good with 

 the more simple and vivid feelings, which are but 

 little connected with our higher intelligence. Our 

 cries of pain, fear, surprise, anger, together with their 



