146 



PHILOSOPHICAL THOUGHT. 



repeated. It was a product of the idealism of the age, 

 and it led itself to developments which superseded it. 

 The educational work commenced by Liebig has been 

 used more and more for commercial and industrial 

 purposes. "We shall now see what was the fate of the 

 critical methods perfected and used with signal success 

 by Ritschl. It has been truly said that the refined 

 dialectic which is to be found, iiiter alia, in Ritschl's 

 Parerga, is not a monopoly of classical philology ; 

 Lachmann, e.g., who handled this art in a masterly 

 manner, edited not only the works o-f Lucretius but also 

 old German manuscripts, as well as the works of Lessing ; 

 in fact, " every editor must handle this method whatever 

 be the language of his text. Although therefore the 

 ancient texts make peculiarly complicated demands upon 

 the editor, philology, if confined to criticism of texts, 

 ceases to be necessarily tied to classical antiquity. The 

 • view that it should be so is untenable though historically 

 37. intelligible." ^ Accordingly the methods of Hermann 



Extension 



of methods and Eitschl, which were matured whilst dealing with 



from classi- ° 



branches^of classical tcxts, havc been introduced into all the modern 



philology, branches of philology, notably at the German universities. 



We have there Germanic, English, Eomance, Oriental, 



Indian, and other philologies." The rapid widening of 



^ Wilamowitz, loc. cit., p. 472. 



^ A very interesting and com- 

 prehensive account of the gradual 

 growth of these other philologies, 

 of the diffusion of criticism over 

 the whole study of languages, 

 literature, and antiquities all over 

 the globe, will be found in the 

 second volume of Lexis, pp. 475-549. 

 There the reader will also find what 

 au important part the University 



of Gottingen played in these studies, 

 which belong almost exclusively 

 to the nineteenth century : also 

 the connection through Gottingen 

 teachers, notably through Heyne, 

 with English literature is well 

 brought out. See especially Pro- 

 fessor Brandl's report on " English 

 Philology at the German Univer- 

 sities. " 



