202 



PHILOSOPHICAL THOUGHT. 



At the 

 beginning of 

 the centurj' 

 rational 

 psychology 

 mainly 

 studied in 

 Germany. 



10. 



Empirical 

 psychology 

 chiefly 

 British. 



Lucretius or the recent Philosophy of Nature of Schelling's 

 chool) and the modern natural philosophy which has 

 grown up since the time of Galileo and Newton. Em- 

 pirical psychology dealt with detailed facts and pheno- 

 mena in the life of the soul, rational psychology dealt 

 with questions of principle and with fundamentals. 

 Whilst in Germany, up to the beginning of the nine- 

 teenth century, little methodical work was done in 

 empirical psychology, English, and' notably Scotch, 

 thinkers had devoted themselves almost exclusively to 

 the cultivation of this field ; many works of lasting 

 merit having appeared, among which those of Thos. Reid 

 and Dugald Stewart as representative of Scottish, of 

 David Hartley and James Mill as representative of 

 English, philosophy are prominent.^ We may therefore 

 say that in the' beginning of the nineteenth century 



^ One of the most popular repre- 

 sentatives of Scottish philosophy 

 in the nineteenth century was 

 Thos. Brown, whose Lectures were 

 published in four volumes after his 

 death in 1832, and had a wide in- 

 fluence, running through nineteen 

 editions. It .seems, however, that 

 he was less original than his popular 

 reputation would suggest, having 

 borrowed much from contemporary 

 French writers, notably from Des- 

 tutt de Tracy, as has been re- 

 marked by Sir Wm. Hamilton, and 

 more recently by M. Picavet ( ' Les , 

 Ideologues,' 1891, p. 494; also ar- 

 ticle, "Thomas Brown," in the 

 'Grande Eucyclopcdie'). With him 

 occurs the term " physiology of 

 the human mind," as expressive of 

 what we now term Psychology, 

 which may have been suggested as 

 much through his acquaintance 

 with French thought — a work with 

 the title ' Physiologie de I'Esprit ' 



having been published by M. 

 Paulhan — as by his professional 

 medical studies. He laid great 

 emphasis upon the muscular sense, 

 or sense of resistance, distinguishing 

 it from touch, as an additional or 

 sixth sense, and it is in connection 

 with this much controverted point 

 that his name still occurs in recent 

 psychological literature. There is 

 a short but appreciative notice of 

 him by the late Prof. R. Adamson 

 in the ninth edition of the ' Ency. 

 Brit.' It is interesting to see how 

 two very different thinkers (Brown 

 and Lotze), both stai'ting from 

 medical studies, should have de- 

 scribed their psj-chology as " Physi- 

 ology of the human mind " or the 

 soul. In more I'ecent times the 

 importance of Brown's philosophy 

 has again been insisted on by Prof. 

 Stout who, in a valuable series of 

 articles ('Mind,' vols. 13 and 14) 

 on Herbart and the difference of 



