OF THE SOUL. 285 



a higher point of view from which to judge the totality 

 of mental life in its individual and collective appearance. 

 These two problems, the essence of the inner life, of the 

 soul, and its significance in the economy and connection 

 of things, may be termed transcendental so far as the 

 limits are concerned within which individual experi- 

 ence is confined. They characterise two independent lines 

 of thought and constitute two independent fields of 

 research by which psychological studies must be supple- 

 mented. Both were represented in the philosophy of 

 Lotze. We may call the first, rational psychology, the 

 second, anthropology. 



In all the three countries we have, at the end of the 

 century, to deal with prominent speculations as to the 

 essence and main characteristic of mental life. We have 

 in Germany, von Hartmann's ' Psychology of the Un- 58. 

 conscious'; in Enrjland, Herbert Spencer's ' Psychology spencer, and 



" ^ ^ '' OJ Fouillee. 



of Evolution ' ; and in France, M. Fouillee's ' Psycho- 

 logic des Idees Forces.' None of the governing ideas 

 contained in these speculations have been elaborated 

 by purely introspective analysis. They are based upon 

 generalisations arrived at from various sources, and 

 afterwards supported by a more or less exhaustive 

 survey of facts brought together from many sides ; the 

 natural sciences with their large accumulation of novel 

 facts arrayed under the recent theories of energy and 

 descent having been made to furnish valuable contribu- 

 tions. The ' Philosophy of Evolution ' of Herbert Spencer 

 originated in the genetic or genealogical view of nature, 

 which was put forward in the beginning of the second 

 half of the century from many sides, and which Spencer 



