OF KNOWLEDGE. 



411 



This new conception of logic, which holds its position 66. 



^ ^ ^ Reaction 



as one of the ideals of recent philosophic thought, gave against tiua. 

 rise to an extensive critical literature. It provoked, on 

 the one side, a reaction in favour of the older purely 

 formal logic, bringing the same into connection with 

 psychology ; and, on the other side, various attempts to 

 show that the genuine Aristotelian logic stood really 

 much nearear to the demands and positions of modern 

 thought than either the new dialectic or the traditional 

 logic of the schools which professed to be that of 

 Aristotle. The former movement was in Germany 

 represented mainly by Beneke, the latter by Tren- 

 delenburg.^ 



Both in this country and in France independent 

 attempts were, as we have seen, mainly in the direc- 

 tion of understanding the applied logic of the exact 

 sciences, not infrequently with a tacit supposition 

 that the historical, notably the social, sciences should, 

 or could, be submitted to similar treatment. The 

 splendid results, however, which had been achieved 



^ Both the.ae movements stood in 

 opposition to the principal idea of 

 Hegel's philosophy, and contributed 

 to bring the latter into discredit. 

 They came together in the logical 

 writings of Ueberweg, who was also 

 influenced by Schleiermacher. The 

 latter had, like Hegel, revived the 

 term dialectic, but his dialectic is 

 something very different from that 

 of Hegel. " Schleiermacher attacks 

 the Hegelian position, that pure 

 thought can have a peculiar be- 

 ginning distinct from all other 

 thinking, and arrives originally at 

 something specially for itself. He 

 teaches that in every kind of think- 

 ing the activity of the reason can 

 be exercised only on the basia of 



outer and inner perception, or 

 that theie can be no act without 

 the ' intellectual ' and none with- 

 out the ' organic ' function, and 

 that only a relative preponderance 

 of the one or other function ex- 

 ists in the different ways of think- 

 ing. Agreement with existence is 

 immediately given in inner per- 

 ception, and is attainable immedi- 

 ately also on the basis of outer 

 perception. The forms of Thought, 

 notion and judgment, are made 

 parallel by Schleiermacher to ana- 

 logous forms of real existence — the 

 notion to the substantial forms and 

 the judgment to actions " (Ueber- 

 weg, 'System of Logic,' transl. by 

 T. M. Lindsay, 1871, p. 70). 



