41 



yeast and record it. Mix well 2 fluid ounces (60 cc.) of 

 urine with ^ cake of compressed yeast in a bottle. Set 

 aside for 24 hours in a moderately warm place. After the 

 fermentation filter and take the specific gravity again and 

 subtract from that taken before. Each degree of the re- 

 mainder represents one grain of glucose to the fluid ounce. 

 Multiply by 0.219 to get the percentage. Thus: Specific 

 gravity before fermentation, 1035 ; specific gravity after 

 fermentation, 1015. 1035 — 1015^20 degrees of density 

 lost, or 20 grains of sugar to the fluid ounce. This test 

 is conclusive as to the presence of sugar, though it is not 

 absolutely accurate as to quantity. 



Bile in the Urine. In a number of pathologic conditions the 

 elements of the bile are excreted in the urine. The bile pigments, 

 bilirubin and biliverdin, may occur along with the bile salts, 

 sodium glycocholate and taurocholate, or the bile salts alone may 

 be present. 



Urine containing the bile pigments is colored a yellow brown 

 or brownish green. It forms an intense yellow froth on agita- 

 tion. It stains paper or linen a permanent yellow.* The bile 

 pigments are found in jaundice, functional disorders of the liver 

 (acute and chronic biliousness) ; organic diseases of the liver 

 apart from jaundice (carcinoma, amyloid disease, cirrhosis) ; 

 diseases of the spleen; fever; hemolytic diseases (anemia, leuco- 

 cythemia and scurvy). 



Gmelin's Test. (Nitric acid containing nitrous 

 acid).t Place a few drops of the suspected urine in a 

 white porcelain dish and near them a few drops of the 

 impure nitric acid; let the fluids run together and the 

 usual play of colors is observed. 



Put some urine in a test tube and carefully pour in 

 some of the yellow impure nitric acid, until it forms a 



* A little omnivorous or carnivorous bile may be added to the 

 normal urine to demonstrate the tests if no icteric urine is available. 



t Nitrous acid may be prepared by heating a little nitric acid to 

 which a small amount of starch has been added. 



