43 



normal urine and in the other some of the suspected urine_ 

 Leave the test tubes in the rack in order to prevent agita- 

 tion. Drop a little finely powdered sulphur upon the sur- 

 face of the urines. If hile or biliary acids are present in 

 the suspected urine the sulphur will sink at once to the 

 bottom of the tube, while in the normal urine it will re- 

 main upon the surface or but a slight amoimt may sink, if 

 the tubes are' not agitated. 



Chloroform as a test for bile is quite satisfactory. 

 Agitate a few drops of chloroform with the suspected 

 urine in a test tube. If bile be present the chloroform 

 becomes turbid and acquires ayeUowish hue, the depth of 

 which is in proportion to the amount of bile present. 



To some of the suspected urine add a little bromine 

 water {1%). If bile is present a green ring should appear. 

 Blood. Blood is sometimes a constituent of the urine m 

 disease It may occur in two forms : 1. As hematuria, when the 

 blood coloring matter is present in the urine in combination with 

 blood corpuscles. 2. As hemoglobinuria, when no blood corpus- 

 cles are present and the blood pigment or hemoglobin is m solu- 

 tion in the urine. 



Hematuria mav have its source (1) in the kidneys due to 

 injuries; acute nephritis; acute acerbation of chronic nephritis; 

 diseases of renal vessels (embolism, thrombosis, aneurism,, 

 stasis) ; amyloid kidney (very rarely) ; infective fevers (small- 

 pox, scarlatina, typhoid fever, etc.); certain blood diseases 

 (scurvy, purpura, hemophilia): parasitic diseases (echmo- 

 coccus) 2 The renal pelvis and ureters due to renal calculi; 

 tuberculosis: rupture of neighboring abscesses; parasites^ 3. 

 The bladder due to calculi; cancer and other tumors; diph- 

 theritic cystitis ; varicose veins : injuries. 4. The urethra due 

 to injury (catheterization, impaction of calculi, etc.). 5. Ex- 

 traneous discharges as the menstrual flow, etc. 



Hemoglobinuria has been observed in severe infectious dis- 

 eases (tvphoid fever, scarlatina, etc.) ; in conditions of blood 

 dissolution (scurw, purpura, etc.) ; in skin burns, sunstroke, etc. 

 Heller's Blood Test is made by adding a little caustic 

 soda solution to some urine in a test tube and heating. 



