65 



Fig. 20. 

 Micrococcus Ureae. 



cells, which have a special significance, 

 ith, hyaline or granular casts, seen more 

 easily in stained preparations; they are 

 encountered frequently in albuminous 

 urine; their presence indicates a mild 

 form of nephritis. 5th, epithelial hem- 

 orrhagic or wax casts, of which the 

 hemorrhagic are the most frequent, they 

 are markedly colored and easily recog- 

 nized on account of the hemoglobin they 

 contain ; they contain fine granulations 

 which are not blood corpuscles but possible fragments of them, 

 they indicate a severe form of nephritis. 6th, cylindroid ele- 

 ments drawn out in an irregular and somewhat ribbon-like 

 form ; they are the product of the secretion of the urinary epi- 

 thelium. In the human race they may be found in cases of 

 scarlatina and generally in certain forms of nephritis. In ex- 

 amining for casts it is desirable to examine the urine immedi- 

 ately after emission, as they generally disintegrate rapidly and 

 disappear. 7th, 

 blood corpuscles 



more or less ere- /&^'^^i^^(^%,\ /.^-^ 

 nated but easily 

 recognizable b y 

 their yellowish 

 tint; the presence 

 ^f blood corpuscles 

 in the urine indi- 

 cates a hemor- ^^''- ^l- ^^d blood corpuscles. A. Normal. 



rhage either in the bladder or in the kidney. 8th, pus corpuscles 

 which may have crenated borders, granular contents and appear 

 quite refractive, a drop of dilute acetic acid will render the nuclei 

 visible. Pathologically the pus corpuscles indicate a suppuration 

 of some portion of the urinary tract. In the majority of cases it 

 is impossible to say if the pus comes from the bladder or kidney. 

 In cases of cystitis of the neck of the bladder, the last portion of 

 the urine passed contains no pus, while if this trouble be in the 

 kidney this last portion will contain pus. This fact is of some 

 Tise in diagnosing cystitis of the neck of the bladder. 9th, sper- 



