18 



HORSESHOEING. 



caudal vertebrae. The sacral vertebrae are grown together to 

 form one piece called the sacrum. 



Fig. 1. 



Skeleton of the Horse. — 1, bones of the head; 1', lower jaw; 2, cervical vertebrae; 3, 

 dorsal vertebrae; 4, lumbar vertebrae; 5, sacral vertebrae (sacrum); 6, coccygeal vertebrae; 7, 

 ribs; 8, sternum (breast-bone); 9, pelvis; 9', ilium; 9", ischium; 10, scapula (shoulder-blade) ; 

 11, humerus; 12, radius; 13, ulna; 14, carpus (knee) ; 15, large metacarpal bone (cannon); 16, 

 rudimentary metarcarpal bones (splint-bones); 17, os suffraginis (long pastern); 18, os coro- 

 nae (short pastern) ; 19, os pedis (hoof-bone); 20, sesamoid bones; 21, femur; 22, patella 

 (knee-pan, stifle) ; 23, tibia; 24, fibula; 25, tarsus, or hock; 26, large metatarsal bone (can- 

 non) ; 27, rudimentary metatarsals (splint bones) ; 28, os suffraginis (long pastern) ; 29, os 

 coronae (short pastern) ; 30, os pedis (hoof-bone, "coflan bone"); 31, sesamoid bones. 



The thorax is formed by the ribs and the breast-bone or 

 sternum. The horse has eighteen ribs on each side (7), and all 

 articulate with the dorsal vertebrae. The first eight pairs unite 

 by their lower ends directly to the sternum or breast-bone, and 



