HORSESHOEING. 109 



Fig. 109, a) should be horizontal and wide enough to cover 



the wall, the white line, and from a twelfth to an eighth of 



an inch of the outer edge of the sole. Shoes for large hoofs 



require a broader bearing-surface than those for small hoofs. 



The concaving, or "seating" (Fig. 109, h), should be made 



deeper or shallower, according to the nature 



. Fig. 109. 



of the sole. SJioes for hoofs with strongly ' ^' ^ 



arched (very concave) soles, do not require 

 any concaving (hind hoofs, narrow fore- 

 hoofs). The object of concavinq is to pre- 



■' ' ' a r Transverse section of a 



vent pressure of the shoe upon the homy sole branch of a front shoe: a, 



, , •, • bearing-surface; 6, con- 



eXCept at its margin. caving; c, fullering, or 



The ground-surface of the shoe should be ""'"''"= '' ""''■'°'" 

 flat and perfectly Jiorizontal, except at the toe, which may be 

 turned upward (rolled toe, "rolling motion"). 



6. Borders. — The outer border should usually be moderately 

 base-narrow, — that is, the circumference of the ground-surface 

 of the shoe should be less than the circumference of its hoof- 

 surface; in other words, the entire outer border of the shoe 

 should be bevelled under the foot Shoes made base-narrow 

 are not so easily loosened, and materially assist in preventing 

 interfering. The inner border should be moderately rounded. 



(a) correct and (6) incorrect fullering. 



7. The "Fullering" (Fig. 109, c).— In depth it should be 

 about two-thirds the thickness of the shoe, of uniform width, 

 and " clean." A fullering is not absolutely necessary, but it 

 makes the shoe lighter in proportion to its size, facilitates a 

 uniform placing of the nail-holes, renders the ground-surface 

 somewhat rough, and, because it is rather difficult to make, in- 

 creases the workman's skill. 



