HORSESHOEING. Ill 



(Fig. 153). The depth of the nail-holes — that is, their dis- 

 tance from the outer edge of the shoe — %vill depend always 

 upon the thickness of the wall, and should equal the absolute 

 (real) thickness of the wall (Fig. 97). It is evident, there- 

 fore, that all nail-holes should not be placed at the same depth 

 (for thickness of the wall, see p. 53). 



The direction in which the nail-holes should pass through 

 the shoe depends upon the obliquity of the wall. The nail- 

 holes around the toe, as a rule, should incline somewhat in- 



FiG. 113. 



Form of clips: a, correct; 6, indifferent; c, faulty. 



ward, the holes at the sides less so, while those at the quarters 

 should be punched straight, — that is, should pass perpendicu- 

 larly through the shoe. 



Both front and hind shoes for army horses in time of war 

 and manoeuvres should be so punched that one or two nails 

 may be placed in the posterior half of the shoe (Figs. Ill and 

 112). 



9. Clips (Fig. 113) are half -circular^ leaf -like ears dra^\^l 

 upward from the outer edge of the shoe. They should be 

 strong and without flaw at tlie base, and somewhat higher and 

 thicker upon hind than upon front shoes. Their height on flat 

 shoes should equal the thickness of the shoe, while on shoes 

 with leather soles, or with toe- and heel-calks they should be 

 somewhat higher. 



According to their position we distinguish toe- and side- 

 clips. They secure the shoe against shifting; therefore, as a 

 rule, every shoe should have a toe-clip. A side-clip should 

 always be drawn up on that branch of the shoe which first 

 meets the ground in locomotion. 



