HORSESHOEING. 



147 



Outer and inner heel-calks sharp- 

 ened. 



the branch to the ground, and the outer surface shall be in the 



same vertical plane as the outer edge. If a calk is narrow 



from its base to its end, and at the -p^^ 



same time without flaw, it does not 



need a sharp cutting edge. The 



inner calk should never be sharp- 

 ened except the ground be very 



slippery. The cutting edge of 



this inner calk stands at right angles 



to the length of the branch, and its 



outer comer should then be rounded 



to prevent its injuring the opposite foot (Figs. 159, 160). 

 For horses used for heavy draft purposes a toe-calk is 



welded to the shoe and sharj^ened. For this purpose we use 



only steel (toe-steel), 

 which is easily 

 welded to the shoe 

 and remains firm. 

 Toe-calks and steeled 

 heel-calks are tem- 

 pered, in order, as 

 much as possible, to 

 lengthen their period 

 of durability. This 

 method of sharpen- 

 ing is the oldest and 

 most wide - spread, 

 and is employed on 

 the shoes of all horses 

 of which we require 

 more than light ser- 

 vice, 

 even ruined by frequently 



Left fore hoof sharp shod: a, toe-calk bevelled from in 

 front; 6, outer heel-calk directed lengthwise with the branch; 

 c, inner heel-calk, half sharp and directed transversely to 

 direction of the branch. 



Hoofs are easily damaged 



repeated sharpening of the shoes, because every time this is 

 done the shoes must be removed and replaced. 



