HORSESHOEING. 153 



in position should be flush with the front edge of the anvil. 

 Place the toe of the shoe, hoof surface upward, over the hole 

 of the punch-plate, and drive a hole with a punch-hammer 

 which is perceptibly thinner than the model punch. Now turn 

 the ishoe over, punch back from the ground surface, and then 

 file away the wire edge which the punch has raised on the 

 ground surface. Ne'xt, take a hand-punch, the end of which 

 should just enter the hole, punch through from the ground 

 surface, and correct any bulging by dressing lightly over the 

 horn of the anvil. Finally, use the model punch to give the 

 hole the exact size and smoothness. 



Should the hole in the toe of the shoe enlarge in time, as 

 sometimes occurs, then backset when necessary on removing the 

 shoe. Backsetting is easiest with the half-round hole, because 



Fig. 170. 



1=1 O ^^::\ci:^c^ 



oo 



Cross-section of different forms of peg toe-calk taps. 



the curved side, being turned forward, runs approximately 

 parallel to the outer border of the toe of the shoe. 



A good serAdceable peg toe-calk must possess the following 

 characteristics : 



1. The tap must be of such shape as not to turn ; there- 

 fore, not round. 



2. The tap must be cone-shaped, and diminish in diameter 

 about one-thirty-second of an inch for each one-fourth of an 

 inch of its length from base to apex. If the tap has less taper 

 it will enlarge the hole in the shoe till the head of the calk 

 comes into contact with the shoe, when the calk will loosen and 

 drop out. 



3. The tap must be full-formed and smooth. 



4. It must fit air-tight in the toe, and a single hammer- 

 blow should be sufficient to fix it securely. 



