HORSESHOEING. 



155 



sharp calks become dull in time, and must then either be 

 sharpened or replaced by new calks, renders shoeing not only 

 costly, but injurious to the hoofs and annoying to the owner. 

 This drawback is most pronounced in large cities, where the 

 snow never lies long upon the streets, and the hoi-se just sharp- 

 shod is soon obliged to travel upon bare pavements. Attempts 

 have been made to lessen this annoyance by the use of calks 

 that do not require sharpening, . and yet which will prevent 



Fig. 175. 



Fig. 176. 



Screw-calk with H-formed cro33- 

 section. 



Screw-calk with 4-formed cross- 

 section. 



slipping even after tliey have been used for a long time upon 

 bare pavements. It cannot be denied that such calks have 

 considerable value, and, except when the ground is covered 

 with ice, many of these calks render excellent service. Just 

 as the ordinai-y sharp calks are satisfactory and very durable 

 outside of the large cities, so now for the first time a few of 

 tliese recently invented sharp calks seem to be worthy of 

 recommendation for city use. The following are the best: 



1. Screw-calks and peg-calks with H-shaped cross-section 

 (Fig. 175). 



2. Screw-calks with +-shaped cross-section (Fig. 176). 



3. Screw- and peg-calks with 0-shaped cross-section (Fig. 176). 



4. Screw- and peg-calks with S-shaped cross-section. 



5. Angle-calks (Fig. 177). 



6. Screw- and peg-calks with rubber foot-pad. 



7. Screw-calks with Y star-shaped cross-section (Fig. 178). 



