HORSESHOEING. 177 



in both shod aiid unshod feet. The symptoms are: increased 

 warmth, pain and swelling, sometimes infiltration of the tissues 

 with blood, accompanied by a short, cautious gait, or, if only 

 one foot is affected, by well-marked lameness. 



The most frequent causes are: going barefoot upon hard 

 (frozen), uneven ground; shoeing hoofs having low heels with 

 flat shoes that are too- short ; sometimes too much frog-pressure 

 by the bar of a bar-shoe; forging and grabbing. 



The treatment first indicated is a. cooling application in the 

 form of an ice-poultice, or a soaking in cold water. Later, 

 astringent (drying) applications are of benefit, especially if 

 the perioplic horn-ring has partially loosened from the bulbs of 

 the heels; for example, a weak solution in water of sulphate 

 of copper (1 to 20), followed by the application of a shoe 

 with heel-calks, which is quite long in the branches and which 

 must not press upon the luall of the quarters. 



6. Laminitis (Founder). 



By this name we designate a peculiar inflammation of the 

 pododenn at the toe. It arises suddenly in well-nourished and 

 apparently healthy horses, following excessive work or long- 

 continued rest in the stable, and frequently leads to a decided 

 change of form of the hoof. 



The disease is always accompanied with intense pain. It 

 most often affects both front feet, more rarely all four feet, or 

 only one foot. In the first case the two front feet are planted 

 far in advance of the body, and the hind feet Avell forward under 

 the belly. When all four feet are affected, travelling is ex- 

 ceedingly difficult, often impossible ; in this case there is nearly 

 always a high fever over the entire body. 



The seat of the disease is in the fle^shy leaves about the toe, 

 more rarely upon the side walls and quarters. Depending upon 

 the intensity of the inflammation, the fleshy leaves are more or 

 less loosened from the homy leaves, as a result of which there 

 is a change of position of the os pedis, with a simultaneous 

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