Effect of War on Birds 



slant resident in the Carpathians, migrated 

 to the Balkans, and the wild PIGEON disap- 

 peared also. Ordinarily, birds in Central 

 Siberia gravitate during the spring from 

 south to north, in Eastern Siberia from 

 south-west to north-east, and in European 

 Russia from south-west to north-west. Since 

 military operations were proceeding exactly 

 in the region of these migratory routes, the 

 flights of birds were powerfully affected, 

 especially those of the STORK and SNIPE. An 

 extraordinary movement of GEESE north- 

 wards was reported, and this was attributed 

 to the military operations in progress in 

 Mitau and White Russia, which prevented 

 these birds from settling there ; and the same 

 explanation was given for the abnormal 

 number of DUCK which appeared on the 

 River Volkhov. Individual species of birds 

 which ordinarily carry out their migratory 

 flight through Poland appeared on the island 

 of (Esel. In the Tauride province an abun- 

 dance of every kind of bird was observed in 

 1915, particularly of those species which 

 migrate through the Carpathians. Those 



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