in SPHENISCIDAE 57 



Kerguelen Land, the Falklands, Crozets, Auckland, Macquarie, 

 Campbell, and other southern islands, apparently confounded with 

 the last-named under the title of A. patagonica, is distinguish- 

 able by the longer bill, more orange chest, and lack of feathers on 

 the sides of the mandible and metatarsus. The crowded breed- 

 ing grounds are flat spaces of hard soil covered with slime, and 

 are often quite apart from the general quarters. When disturbed 

 the birds utter a loud " urr-urr-urr," and run to the sea at a great 

 pace, maintaining an upright position ; while they pass to and 

 from the water singly, and not in flocks, as do other species. 1 

 The pyriform eggs are sometimes held up by the parents' feet. 

 Pygosceles taeniata, the " Gentoo," of similar but more restricted 

 range, is bluish-black above and on the throat, having the lower 

 parts, the margins of the flippers, and a band across the crown 

 white. Dense colonies are found both near the sea and several 

 miles inland, a regular path being often beaten down by the birds 

 traversing it in company ; the nests consist of a little herbage 

 in a hollow, or are small conical mounds of stones and clay, lined 

 with feathers and down, the oval eggs being frequently of unequal 

 size. The note is an unmelodious bark. 2 P. adeliae inhabits the 

 icy regions of the far south. 



Spheniscus demersus, the Cape Penguin or Jackass, ranging from 

 western South America to South Africa, has bluish-black upper 

 parts and throat, and white lower surface crossed by a blackish 

 band or two in the variety magellanicus. The note is a harsh 

 bray ; the eggs are either deposited in burrows presumably dug 

 by the parent itself or, as on rocky islands near the Cape, in 

 nests of pebbles and rubbish, commonly placed under large stones. 3 

 S. (Eudyptula) minor is a bluer species with white throat, that 

 part being dark coloured in the whole Family except here and 

 in Eudyptes antarcticus ; it occupies the south of Australia and 

 the New Zealand area. The note is a loud croak or growl, and 

 the oval but somewhat pointed eggs are laid on a bed of leaves and 

 grass in an excavation in the soil or a crevice among rocks. 4 S. 

 mendiculus, the only tropical form, occurs in the Galapagos. 



The genus Eudyptes contains the crested " Maccaroni " Pen- 



1 Cf. Moseley, Rep. Voy. " Challenger," Zool. ii. 1880, Birds, p. 123. 



2 Cf. Abbott, Ibis, 1860, p. 336 ; Sclater, op. cit. 1894, p. 501 ; and Eaton, Phil. 

 Trans, clxviii. 1879, pp. 154-157. 



3 Cf. Abbott, ut supra, and Moseley, op. cit. pp. 124, 125, 



4 Buller, Birds of New Zealand, 2nd ed. 1888, p. 301. 



