iv ANATIDAE 135 



and caruncles on the forehead when present being red. The 

 female has no knob. They frequent marshes, appear to prefer 

 running to flying or perching, and lay about eight whitish eggs. 



Sub-fam. 10. Anseranatinae, This contains only Anseranas 

 semipalmata of Australia and Tasmania, a white bird with black 

 head, neck, mantle, wings, and tail, reddish beak, and yellow feet. 

 It haunts swamps, walks easily, and deposits some five white eggs. 



Sub-fam. 11. Cygninae. In this group the sexes are similar. 

 Coscoroba Candida, of southern South America, is white, with black 

 tips to the primaries, pinkish bill and feet. It feeds on land, has 

 a loud trumpeting cry, and a less noisy flight than the true Swans, 

 from which it differs in its feathered lores. Chenopis atrata, the 

 Black Swan of Southern Australia and Tasmania, occasionally 

 domesticated in England, is brownish-black, with white remiges, 

 black feet, pink lores, and pink bill banded with white, the 

 scapulars and inner secondaries being curled. 



Cygnus musicus, the Whooper, which used to breed in Orkney, 

 and ranges from Iceland through Arctic Europe and Asia, migrat- 

 ing to the Mediterranean, Nepal, China, and Japan, and straying 

 to Greenland, is white with black feet and bill, the basal half of 

 the latter being yellow, while that colour extends still further on 

 the sides. The flight is accompanied by a rushing sound, the note 

 is trumpet-like or whistling, the food consists of aquatic plants, the 

 five or more white eggs are laid upon a pile of herbage near water. 

 The smaller C. bewicki, where the yellow on the bill does not reach 

 the nostrils, inhabits the Arctic districts from the White Sea to 

 the Pacific, wandering in winter to Britain, the Mediterranean, 

 South Siberia, China, and Japan. C. columbianus of North 

 America, said to have occurred in Scotland, has merely a yellow 

 spot before the eye ; C. buccinator, of the interior of North 

 America, has a black bill ; while C. olor, the Mute or Tame Swan, 

 with its variety the Polish Swan, has the fore-part of it orange. 

 C. olor ranges from South Sweden and Denmark through Central 

 Europe and Asia, migrating a little southwards. C. melanocory- 

 plius, reaching from South Brazil and Chili to Patagonia and the 

 Falklands, has the head and two-thirds of the neck black, with 

 white eye-streak ; the bill is plumbeous with red base and knob, 

 the feet are pinkish. The protuberance is wanting in the young, 

 which are marked with rusty, and have the head brown. Of other 

 species immature birds are greyish or dusky, with flesh-coloured 



