222 GALLIFORMES CHAP. 



ortyx sanguiniceps, of the mountain-forests of Northern Borneo, 

 is brownish-black; the slightly-crested head, the throat, upper 

 breast and under tail-coverts being crimson with black tips to 

 the last-named, and the metatarsi possessing three pairs of spurs. 

 The rump -feathers have partly expanded shafts. The female 

 has the throat rufous, the upper breast deep chestnut, and no 

 spurs. Arboricola contains nearly twenty species with almost 

 naked throats, ranging from Northern India to the Indo-Chinese 

 countries, Borneo, Sumatra, Java, and Formosa. The following 

 may be taken as examples of this genus, the sexes being usually 

 alike. A. torqueola of the Himalayas has a chestnut crown, red, 

 black, and white nape, olive and black upper parts, varied with 

 chestnut and buff on the wings, black cheeks, throat, fore-neck, 

 and superciliary stripe, a white line down the sides of the 

 throat, a white band surmounting the grey breast, and grey 

 flanks with chestnut and white markings. In the female the 

 crown is brown and black, the throat, cheeks, and so forth, rufous 

 with black spots, the chest-band rusty -red. A. ardens of Hainan, 

 of which the male only is known, is easily recognised by the 

 peculiar shining orange-scarlet patch of stiff hair-like feathers 

 011 the fore-neck. A. javanica of Java has the head rufous with 

 brownish crown, a black band surrounding the eyes and crossing the 

 occiput, another encircling the base of the neck, joined to the former 

 by a black line down the rust-coloured nape, and a third running 

 from the throat to the sides of the neck. The upper parts are dark 

 grey barred with black, the wings exhibiting chestnut and olive 

 tints ; the chest is grey ; the remaining lower parts are chestnut. 

 A. Moropus of Lower Burma and Cochin China has the crown and 

 nape brown, the superciliary stripe, throat, and lores black and 

 white, the fore-neck buff with black spots and margin, the upper 

 parts and chest brown and black with rufous on the wings and 

 rump-region, the breast red, the abdomen, sides, and black-barred 

 flanks buff. In this genus the orbital and even the gular skin is 

 crimson or purplish, the feet are commonly red, the bill rarely so. 

 The various species form coveys, which frequent grassy hill-jungles 

 and wooded ravines up to more than ten thousand feet ; they are 

 usually unsuspicious, and run before an intruder, but occasionally 

 perch in trees, and fly rapidly when forced to rise ; the single 

 whistling note is loud but mellow; the food consists of leaves, 

 roots, berries, seeds, grubs, and molluscs; the four white eggs, some- 



