474 PASSERIFORMES CHAP. 



The Taeniopterinae, which are generally black, grey, and white, 

 frequent the open parts of wooded districts, river-sides, or excep- 

 tionally marshes, in South America, a few of them extending north 

 of Panama ; the Elaineinae and Platyrhynchinae are olive, grey, 

 brown, and yellow, and inhabit dense forests from South Mexico to 

 Patagonia, Ornitliion imberbe ranging as far north as Texas ; the 

 Tyranninae with many large species normally exhibit olive, grey, 

 yellow, or white in varying proportions, and include most of the 

 Nearctic genera,such as Contopus,EmpidonaM t Myiarchus t &n.di Tyran- 

 nus, as well as many Neotropical forms, and the entirely Antillean 

 Blacicus and Lawrencia. Erectile crests occur in some cases in Tyran- 

 nulus, Cnipolegus, Colopterus, Pseudotriccus, Lophotriccus, Machetor- 

 nis, Muscivora, Empidonax, Anaeretes, Mainea, PyrocepTialus, Myio- 

 bius, and Mitrephanes ; white eye-rings are found in EuscartTimus 

 zosterops, E. orbitatus, and Capsiempis orbitalis ; a fleshy yellow car- 

 uncle surrounds each eye in LicJienops ; and in the breeding male 

 ofAlectrurus risorius the throat and cheeks shew bare orange skin. 



The following are examples of the coloration, which is often 

 similar in both sexes. Tyrannus pipiri, the King-bird of tem- 

 perate North America, ranging to Peru in winter, is dark grey, 

 with a concealed orange patch on the black crown, black and 

 white wings and tail, and white under parts. Pyrocepha2us 

 rulineus, of South America north of Buenos Aires, is dark 

 cinereous with crimson head and lower surface, the female being 

 grey above, and chiefly white below with grey stripes. Muscivora 

 regia of fruiana and Amazonia is brown, with a scarlet crest tipped 

 with purplish, and has ochraceous under parts with brownish bars. 

 The crest is yellower in the hen. Megarhynclius pitangua, of Central 

 and South America to Paraguay, is brown, with yellow lower 

 surface, a black head, white superciliary streaks joining on the nape, 

 a concealed orange coronal patch, and a white throat. Elainea 

 pagana, ranging from South Mexico to Brazil, is dull olive above, 

 and greyish-white below with yellow belly ; a spot on the crown 

 and two alar bars being white. Cyanotis azarae of La Plata, Chili, 

 and West Peru has bronzy-green upper and yellow lower surface, 

 with a partial black band beneath and a crimson vent ; the head 

 is black with a crimson spot, the wings and tail are black and 

 white. Todirostrum cinereum of Central America and eastern 

 South America is greyish above and yellow below, with black 

 crown, wings, and tail, the primaries having yellow edges and 



