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PASSERIFORMES 



CHAP. 



In the males of some forms the remiges differ from those of the 

 females; thus the shafts of the primaries are thickened and 

 pointed in Chiroxiphia, similar but incurved in Helicura and 

 Chiromachaeris, with much attenuated barbs in the latter ; in 

 Ptilochloris the seventh primary is modified and bends outwards. 

 In Machaeropterus the wing-bones are flattened ; the secondaries 

 have thick stems bending inwards towards the tip, and shew reduced 

 vanes, save the eighth and ninth, while the sixth and seventh have 

 the shaft terminally developed into a horny excrescence. The tail 

 is usually short and square, but is long in Chloropipo and Metopia, 

 rounded in the latter and Masius, graduated in Metopotlirix and 

 Heterocercus. The outer of the twelve feathers are much elongated 

 in Cirropipra, being acuminate in C. heterocerca, curved and filiform 

 in C.filicauda; the two median rectrices are lengthened in Helicura; 

 while in three species of Chiroxiphia they are also long, or even 

 linear in C. linearis. Frontal crests occur in Metopia, Masius, 

 and Metopotlirix ; vertical crests in Pipra serena, P. suavissima, 

 and four species of Chiroxiphia ; Ceratopipra has a peculiar ex- 

 tended nuchal tuft, Chiromachaeris an elongated beard. 



As examples of coloration we may take the following : Chloro- 

 pipo flavicapilla has a yellow head, neck, and under parts, a green 



back, and brownish wings ; Xenopipo 

 atronitens is uniform black ; Cerato- 

 pipra cornuta, black with scarlet head, 

 neck, and thighs ; Cirropipra fili- 

 cauda similarly coloured, with yellow 

 forehead and lower surface. Pipra 

 leucocilla is black with a white 

 crown ; P. velutina has a blue cap, 

 P. suavissima an erect white vertical 

 crest, lilac rump, and orange mid- 

 abdomen. Machaeropterus regulus 

 exhibits green upper parts, a scarlet 

 crown, slaty wing- and tail -quills, 

 and white, green, and rufous under 

 surface. Chiroxiphia par eola is black, 

 with blue mantle and crimson crest ; 

 Chiromachaeris aurantiaca is also black, with orange nuchal band, 

 cheeks and breast, green rump, and yellow abdomen. The 

 females are green, with yellowish or whitish tints below. Ptilo- 



FIG. 102. Manakin. Pipra 

 mentalis. x . 



