706 THE COMPLETE GKAZIER. BOOK vni. 



In Garden City cottage-building competition in 1907, Mr. C. M. 

 Crickman, of Lincoln's Inn Fields, London, and Letchworth, was 

 awarded the medal in three classes. The stipulation was that every 

 winner should be bound to reproduce a number of cottages, if required, 

 at the prices entered in the catalogue of the Exhibition. Mr Crickman's 

 prices per cottage for cottages in pairs in the two cheapest classes were 

 as below : 



1. Living room, scullery, covered space, larder, coal-house, a good bed- 

 room, and two other rooms, 162. 



2. Parlour, large kitchen, scullery, and three rooms upstairs, 187^. 

 Mr Clough, winner of the medal in the class for cottages for small 



holdings, priced his dwelling at 165. He said he saw his way to building 

 a double-tenement cottage, four rooms and outbuildings for each 

 tenement, at a cost of 220/. 



Landowners are sometimes in a position to build cottages at lower 

 prices than contractors would charge them. According to an article in 

 the Times, Mr. Keeble, a West Norfolk landowner, has erected a number 

 of six-room cottages of attractive appearance at an average of 105. 10s. 

 Id. He possesses, however, a private railway, which greatly reduces 

 the cost of the transport of materials. 



CHAPTER IV. 



ON FARM IMPLEMENTS. PLOUGHS HARROWS CULTIVATORS. 



TT1HE plough demands notice first, as it is generally the first used in 

 JL tillage operations. This implement has passed through many forms. 

 The one most commonly used of late years was considered to be prac- 

 tically perfect, but the recent introduction of the new digging-breasts 

 has shown that in the case of most soils there was room for improve- 

 ment, and farmers are rapidly availing themselves of the light and 

 effective plough now in the market. 



The object of ploughing is to turn the land over in order that the 

 subsequent workings may be rendered more easy; to present a fresh 

 surface to the influence of the weather ; to bury manure, stubble, or any 

 other growth ; and, on heavy land, to lay it up in ridges so that the 

 water may run off into the furrows more quickly. The plough consists 

 of guiding-handles attached to the main beam, which carries, in most 

 cases, the body with the mould-board and share, the coulter, the skim- 

 coulter, and the cross-beam. To the last-named are fixed the standards 

 or legs, on which are the axles of the wheels. Modern ploughs are made 

 chiefly of steel, but occasionally local prejudice clings to wood, and in 

 such cases makers are obliged to continue to use it. Mould-boards of 



