153 



the value of the wheat and straw being $30 and costing 

 •$30.01. Of Indian corn the estimate is interesting, as fol- 

 lows, on 2 1-2 acres : 



Lib>r of oxeu ploughing and h growing §10 r J 



Seed 75 



24 days' hoeing at 20 cents per day 4.80 



6 days' watering 1.80 



Manuring 6.30 



Harvesting, husking and shelling 4.20 



Expenses $27.85 



Crop 33 1-2 bushel on 2 1-2 acres, valued at $33.75 



Corn Fodder on 2 1-2 acres 8.00 



41.75 



Potatoes according to the estimate, yield 365 1-2 



bushels on 2 1-2 acres, and are valued at $75.00, costing 

 $66.46. The market price of wheat is about $1.00 per 

 bushel; Indian corn, $1.00 ; rye, 75 cts. ; barley, 70 cts.; 

 oats, 35 cts. ; white beans, $1.08. Beef brings 11 cts. 

 per pound ; veal. 10 cts. : mutton, 7 cts. ; pork, 10 cts. 

 The wages of farm hands are about 25 cts. per day for 

 men and 12 cts. for women. The wine product in 1882 

 was 125,000,000 gallons; this year it has been largely re- 

 duced. 



The pastures in Portugal, except in the Douro district, 

 are poor; and the hay crop is generally light. Cattle and 

 horses are fed largely on straw. I have not seen a 

 load of hay since I reached this country — nor a bale of 

 hay. T have seen huge boats or gondola loads of straw 

 brought down the river, — the immense cargoes built out 

 on frames far beyond the gunwale, — and chopped and fed 

 to the cab horses in baskets as they stand about the streets. 

 I am told that horses thrive better on this food than on 

 the hay which is grown in the country. 



Horses, sheep, goats, donkeys and mules abound. The 

 donkeys are smill and stubborn. The mules are of fair 

 size and great strength. The horses are of a common 

 breed and very hardy. In Lisbon all draught animals are 

 subjected to great trials on account of the steep hills', and 



