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colors, and covered with lines which mean roads, and with 

 dots which signify towns. But that is not a map ; it is rather 

 a perfecting of the shingle with chalk-marks wherewith the 

 countrymen indicates to you the way to his father's wood-lot. 

 When we consider that, for every important problem of drain- 

 age, road-making, mining, manufacturing, water supply, and 

 agriculture, an exact topographical map is essential, the peti- 

 tioners would seem to have been in the right. There is no 

 country of Central Europe, however small and poor, that does 

 not possess a topographical survey. Our sister republic, 

 Switzerland, has a topographic map which is a model in its 

 way. She has mountains 14,000 feet high, whose every 

 crest and ravine is there minutely laid down ; while we, with 

 no hills that a child cannot climb, stay content with our im- 

 proved shingle and chalk-marks. All this comes of want of 

 knowledge or science. And thereby we are led to ask, what 

 is a scientific man, and how may we know him ? A scientific 

 man, like a gentleman, is rare, but may be looked for in any 

 station or class. I know that all males are in this country 

 called gentlemen. Call them what you please ; my experience 

 is that a gentleman is rare in this and in any other country. 

 So our man of knowledge, of science, may be looked for any- 

 where. Does a man's lettuce head better than his neighbor's 

 — he is scientific, knowing. When you examine him, you find 

 he knows just how many inches to open the frames at such and 

 such a temperature ; when to water and when to leave them 

 dry ; how to keep lice and mould away ; and how to maintain 

 a long, steady heat. Does a man have the best cows, — he, 

 too, is scientific ; for a good cow is no matter of chance. 

 He has stared at cattle till he knows their points by a sort of 

 instinct ; he can rise above the limits of breed or grade, and 

 can tell an animal on her own merits ; can say whether she 



