EXPLANATION OF PLATE 8. 



Fig 1. A hooked bill as in the genus Fafco. Cere, a bare soft skin at 

 the base of the bill, Fig. 15. 



Fig, 2. A serrated or notched bill, as in the genus Ramphastos. 



Fig. 3. A cultrated bill, as in the genus Corvus. Reflected vibrissae, 

 Fig. 16. 



Fig. 4. A cuneated or wedge-shaped bill, as in the genus Picus. A cylin- 

 drical or extensile tongue, Fig. 17. 



Fig. 5. A curvated bill. An erected crest. Fig 18. 



Fig. 6. Nostrils covered by, or contained in a tube, as in the genus 

 Procellaria. 



Fig. 7. A straight, compressed, cultrated bill. Lore, a bare skin surround- 

 ing the eyes, Fig. 20. Projecting edge of the upper mandible, by means of 

 which the birds, whose beaks are thus constructed, cut their food as with 

 scissors, Fig. 24. 



Fig. 8. A hooked notched bill, as in the genus Lanius, (Shrike,) the 

 notch, Fig. 21. 



Fig. 9. A recurved bill, as in the genus, Recurvirostra. 



Fig. 10. A grooved bill, as in the genus Alca. 



Fig. 11. A spoon-shaped bill, as in the genus Platalea. Nail at the tip 

 of the bill, Fig. 22. 



Fig. 12. A compressed bill, as in Geese. 



Fig. 13. A depressed bill, as in Ducks. 



Fig. 14. A serrated or toothed bill, as in the genus Mergus. 



