DEFINITIONS AND GENEEAL IDEAS. 5 



glade without the trees. If the glades or blanks 

 occupy extensive areas, they are termed bare wastes. 



The designation of white woods or soft woods is 

 given to those species which have a low density and a 

 soft texture. Only four genera are included in this 

 category, viz., alders, limes, poplars, and willows. 

 In contradistinction, the other broad-leaved species 

 form the category of hardwoods. 



The term brushwood is applied to woody plants 

 of small size and inferior quality, and includes the 

 elders, hazel, cornel-trees, privet, viburnums, spindle- 

 tree, thorns, holly, juniper, besides others. 



When part of a forest is cut over, the trees allowed 

 to remain standing in this portion are called reserves, 

 and collectively they form the reserve of the area cut. 



When no reserves are left in this area, the opera- 

 tion is termed a clear cutting. 



The underwood is the young crop growing up 

 underneath the reserves. 



Windfalls are trees broken off or uprooted by any 

 cause whatsoever, in the majority of cases by the wind. 



By the term cover is to be understood either the 

 vertical projection of the crown of the tree on the 

 ground, or the action of the crown on the surface of 

 projection. Cover acts by intercepting light and 

 rain, and by preventing the formation of dew. 

 Cover is injurious, and must not be confounded with 

 shelter. 



The term shade is applied in the same manner 

 either to the surface of the ground actually shaded, 

 or to the action of this shade. This action has the 

 effect of temporarily lessening evaporation from the 



