INSECTS AND DISEASES. 61 



have never seen West until the present season. It is not confined to 

 the apple, but, if anything, it prefers the elm to all others. 



" The male is a moth, with pale, ash-colored wings, with a black 

 dot, a little more than an inch across. The female is wingless, oval, 

 dark ash-colored above, and gray beneath. 



The worm usually rises out of the ground very early in the 

 spring, as soon as the ground is free from frost, though a few find 

 their way up in the autumn. The females having no wings, climb 

 slowly up the trunks of the trees, while the winged males hover 

 about to pair with them. Very soon after this, if we examine the 

 trees, we shall see the eggs, of which every female lays some sixty 

 or a hundred, glued over, closely arranged in rows, and placed in the 

 forks of branches, and among the young twigs. About the twen- 

 tieth of May, these eggs are hatched, and the canker worms, dusky- 

 brown, or ash-colored, with a yellow stripe, make their appearance, 

 and commence preying upon the foliage." 



The remedies preventive of their injuries, are, a belt of canvass 

 saturated, with tar and train oil, and encircling the body of the tree. 

 Another is a leaden trough, encircling the body, secured by wooden 

 wedges between it and tree, and filled with oil. Another, is spading 

 up the ground underneath all trees on which they appear, in the fall, 

 and dressing liberally with lime. Another, is bands of straw and 

 cotton batting tied around the tree, and examined daily to kill all 

 that have become entangled therein. 



The Apple Moth, (Carpocapsa pomonana,) is the insect which 

 disfigures so many of our apples and pears, causing them to fall 

 prematurely from the tree. The moth has a head and thorax of 

 brown mingled with grey, fore wings light grey and brown, and a 

 dark brown oval spot on the hinder margin. In the months of June 

 and July, they deposit their eggs in the eye or blossom end of the 

 fruit ; these hatch in a few days, and the worm, a reddish white grub, 

 eats its way to the core, soon after which the apple falls to the 

 ground, when the worm leaves and seeks shelter and protection in the 

 crevices and underneath the rough bark of the tree, where it spins a 

 white web-like cocoon, and remains until the next season. 



Remedies. Keeping the bodies well scraped, and annually washed 

 with lye-water early in spring, picking up all the fruit as fast as it 

 falls, or letting swine run in the orchard to eat it. Old cloths or 

 tufts of grass, laid in the branches of the trees, attract them, from 

 whence the cocoons may easily be destroyed. 



The Bark Louse, a species of coccus or scale insect, is of a brown 

 color, about one tenth of an inch in length, of oblong oval form, 

 attaching itself to the branches, and injuring the tree by sucking the 



