300 THE PEAR. 



care that the earth is even with the junction of the pear on the 

 quince. 



Trees on pear roots for the orchard or garden are best at about 

 three years old, and five to seven feet high, well grown and shaped 

 as noted in the apple. Dwarf trees or those on quince roots, are 

 best at one year from the bud ; for, as a general thing, the nursery- 

 man has neither the time, nor will the price paid for trees as com- 

 pared with that of labor in this country, warrant him in a system 

 of careful and correct pruning in nursery row ; neither can a tree 

 be so evenly shaped as when transplanted to more open and exposed 

 positions. 



The distance apart of pear or pear roots for large orcharding, 

 should be from twenty-five to thirty feet, while that of dwarfs for 

 gardens should be ten to fifteen feet. Dwarfs are now much plant- 

 ed intermediate in large permanent orchards, but as a whole, the 

 practice is not to be advised, unless the grower intends to cultivate 

 such orchard with care and attention, superior to the ordinary 

 method of plowing, planting potatoes, &c. 



Soil and Manures. The pear roots thrive best in a soil where 

 the sub-soil is at once dry and moist ; that is, where it is open and 

 porous sufficient to admit of free drainage, and yet where the roots, 

 extending deeply and freely in it, reach moisture in season of ex- 

 treme drought. Cold clay is a bad sub-soil, and where it exists in 

 the ground of a prospective orchard, it should be deeply and 

 thoroughly sub-soiled and well drained. The pear on quince roots 

 succeed best in rich, deep, moist, loamy ground, even enduring con- 

 siderable water better than dry sand. The following is the analysis 

 of the ash of the pear as made by Dr. Emmons : 



100.25 98.30 



From this it will be seen what most is wanted in the soil to pro- 

 duce healthy foliage and wood in the pear. As a general thing, 



