xii SYNOPSIS OF THE NATURAL ORDERS. 



veins. Flowers with the organs mostly in fours or fives. Embryo with 

 opposite or whorled cotyledons. 



SUB-CLASS I. Angiospermous Dicotyledons. Flowers usually pro- 

 vided with a distinct perianth. Ovules contained in closed carpels, through 

 the tissues of which the pollen-tube passes to effect fertilization. Embryo 

 with 2 cotyledons 



DIVISION I. Polypet' alse. 



Flowers with both calyx and corolla (dichlamydeous). Petals free. See 

 also the exceptional Monopetalce. 



Exceptions. Flowers wanting either calyx or corolla occur in : 1 KANUNCU- 

 LACE;E ; 6 CRUCIFERJS (5 Cardamine, 16 Senebiera, and 17 Lepidium)} 

 9 VTOLACEJE (apetalous forms of Viola)', 12 CARYOPHYLLES (8 Arenaria 

 Cherleria, 9 Sayina) ; 26 ROSACES (8 Alchemilla, 10 Poterium) ; 27 

 SAXIFRAGES (2 Chrysospleniuvi) ; 30 HALORAGE.E ; 31 LYTHRACE.E (2 

 Peplis) ; 32 ONAGRARIE^E (2 Ludwigia). 



Petals more or less connate or coherent occur in: 5 FUMARIACEYE ; 10 



POTLYGALE.E ; 13 PORTULACE.E ; 13* TAMARISCINE2E ; 16 MALVACEAE ; 20 



ILICINE^E; 28 CRASSULACE^E (2 Cotyledon} ; 33 CUCURBITACE.B. 



SUB-DIVISION I. Thalamiflo'rse. Stamens inserted on the receptacle 

 (hypogynous), free from the catyx, or on a disk that teTminates the pedicel. 

 Ovary superior. 



Exceptions. Stamens apparently perigynous or epigynous in 3 NYMPH.EACE^: 

 (1 Nymphcea) and in some 12 CARYOPHYLLE^E. 



* Ovary apocarpous, carpels 1 or more ; ovules sutural or basal. (See also 

 16 Malvaceae and 19 Geraniacese.) 



1. RANUNCITLACE^B. Flowers regular or irregular. Stamens indefinite ; 

 anthers basifixed, opening by slits. Seeds albuminous. Herbs with 

 alternate leaves (except Clematis), (p. 1.) 



2. BERBERIDE^}. Flowers regular, 3-merous. Stamens definite, opposite 

 the petals ; anthers basifixed, opening by recurved valves. Seeds albumi- 

 nous. Shrubs ; leaves alternate ; flowers often showy, (p. 14.) 



** Ovary syncarpous, \-celled (except 3 Nymph seacese), or %-celled by a 

 membranous septum ; ovules parietal, rarely basal. 



3. NVMPH^EACE^E. Flowers regular. Stamens indefinite ; anthers 

 basifixed. Ovary many-celled ; ovules scattered over the walls of the 

 cells ; stigmas sessile. Seeds albuminous. Water-herbs ; flowers showy, 

 (p. 15.) 



4. PAPAVERACE.E. Flowers regular, 2-merous. Stamens indefinite ; 

 anthers basifixed. Ovules parietal or on the surfaces of partial dissepi- 

 ments ; style 1 or stigmas sessile. Seeds albuminous. Herbs ; juice 

 milky; leaves alternate, exstipulate ; flowers usually showy, (p. 16.) 



