ARCTITIM.] COMPOSITE. 22] 



toothed, petioles hollow, heads |-f in. diam., subsessile cottony. Common. 

 YAR. A. intermedium, Lange (A. pulens\ Bab.); root-leaves crenate, 

 petioles with a slender tube, heads arachnoid, lower ones f-1 in. diam., 

 of the raceme peduncled purple. YAR. A . nemoro'sum, Lej ; root-leaves 

 narrower coarsely crenate, crenatures apiculate, heads subsessile globose. 



23. CARiii'NA, L. CARLINE-THLSTLE. 



Rigid, spinous herbs. Leaves pinnatifid. Outer invol. bracts leafy, 

 spinous- toothed, spreading ; inner longer, narrower, scarious, coloured, 

 shining ; receptacle flat, deeply pitted, edges of the pits bristly. Corollas 

 all tubular, glabrous, erect ; limb campanulate, 5-toothed. Filaments 

 glabrous ; anthers with a terminal appendage, cells with short plumose 

 tails. Style-arms connate into a pubescent cone. Fruit oblong, terete, 

 silky with 2-fid hairs ; pappus-hairs 1 -seriate, feathery, connate in threes or 

 fours at the base. DISTRIB. Europe, N. and S. Africa, -W. Asia ; species 

 about 14. ETYM. After Charlemagne, who used it medicinally. 



C. vulga'ris, L. ; heads 2 or more, invol. bracts ciliate. 

 Dry fields and pastures, from Elgin and Arran southd. ; ascends to 1,200 ft. 

 in Northumbld. ; local in Ireland ; Channel Islands ; fl. Juue-Oct. Biennial, 

 hoary, root tapering. Stem 6-18 in., stout, simple or branched above, purple, 

 Radical leaves 3-5 in., spreading, lanceolate, spinous, cottony beneath; 

 cauline many, shorter, |-amplexicaul. Heads -lf in. diam, ; outer bracts 

 cottony, spreading ; middle purplish; inner ^ in., narrow, rigid, acute, yellow, 

 spreading, erect when moist. Bristles of receptacle ri^id. yellow, longer 

 than the soft pappus. Flowers purple. Fruit brown. DISTRIB. Europe 

 N. Africa, N. and W. Asia. 



24. SAUSSU'REA, DO. 



Herbs. Leaves entire or divided. Heads corymbose, purple or violet ; 

 invol. bracts multi-seriate, imbricate, obtuse or acute ; receptacle flat, 

 covered with chaffy scales. Corollas all tubular, ventricose above, 5-fid. 

 Filaments glabrous ; anthers terminated by a long acute appendage, cells 

 with ciliate tails. Style-arms connate below, pubescent, With a ring of 

 hairs at the base. Fruit glabrous ; pappus-hairs 2-seriate, outer filiform, 

 rough, usually persistent ; inner feathery, connate at the base, deciduous. 

 DISTRIB. N. temp, regions ; species about 60. ETYM. De Saussure, 

 the Swiss philosopher. 



S. alpi'na, DC. ; leaves oblong-lanceolate toothed cottony beneath. 

 Alpine rocks, N. Wales, Lake district, Dumfries ; Highlands, N. to Shetland ; 

 ascends to 4,000 ft. ; W. Donegal ; fl. August. Rootstock short, stoloniferous. 

 Stem 6-8 in., stout, erect, leafy, simple, cottony. Leaves, lower petioled, 4- 

 7 in., acuminate ; upper smaller, sessile. Heads 2-3 in., in dense corymbs ; 

 involucre ovoid ; bracts oblong, obtuse, woolly, inner longer. Flowers ex- 

 serted, purple ; anthers bluish. Fruit brown, ribbed ; pappus dirty white. 

 DISTRIB. Scandinavia (Arctic), N. Russia, Alps of Mid. Europe, N. Asia, 

 N. America (a form). 



