224 COMPOSITE. [SERRATULA. 



26. SERRAT'ULA, L. SAW-WORT. 



Perennial herbs. Leaves alternate, radical simple, cauline usually 

 pinnatitid. Heads solitary, corymbose, sometimes dioecious, purple or 

 white ; invol. bracts many, imbricate, outer shorter, inner more or less 

 scarious at the tip ; receptacle scaly. Corollas regular, tubular, limb ven- 

 tricose ; lobes 5, narrow, oblique. Filaments papillose ; anther-cells simple 

 or shortly tailed. Style tumid or papillose or with a ring of hairs at the 

 tip ; arms free or connate. Fruit oblong, compressed, glabrous, smooth ; 

 pappus-hairs many-seriate, rigid, scabrid, coloured, outer shorter, deci- 

 duous. DISTRIB. Europe, Asia, N. America ; species about 30. ETYM. 

 serrula, from the serrate foliage. 



S. tincto'ria, L. ; leaves lyrate-pinnatifid, lobes distant serrate. 

 Copses, &c., from Dumfries and Northumbd. southcl. ; ascends to 1,000 fc. : 

 Channel Islands ; fl. Aug. Glabrous or nearly so. Stem 2-3 ft., slender, 

 erect, grooved, leafy, corymbosely branched. Leaves 5-9 in., rarely entire : 

 lobes linear-oblong, acute or acuminate; cauline sessile. Heads |- in. , 

 corymbose, or subsessile (S. montic'ola, Boreau), cylindric-ovoid, subdioecious, 

 female largest ; invol. bracts ciliate, rigid, striate ; outer oblong or ovate, 

 acute; inner linear-oblong, purplish. Flowers red-purple; male with blue 

 anthers and contiguous style-arms; female with white anthers and 

 spreading style-arms. Fruit grey, glabrous ; pappus dirty white. DISTRIB. 

 Europe, W. Siberia. 



27. CAR'DUUS, L. THISTLE. 



Erect herbs. Leaves usually spinous-toothed. Heads sometimes dio3- 

 cious ; involucre ovoid or globose ; bracts many, imbricated, appressed, 

 narrow, rigid, acuminate or spinous- tipped ; receptacle deeply pitted, 

 covered with bristles. Corollas all tubular, red or purple, rarely white, 

 tube short, ventricose above, oblique ; lobes 5, narrow, long. Filaments 

 free or connate, hairy or glandular ; anthers terminated by a linear appen- 

 dage, cells usually with toothed tails. Style- arms connate into a cylin- 

 drical 2-fid pubescent column, with a ring of hairs at the base. Fruit 

 oblcng, compressed or terete, glabrous ; pappus-hairs many-seriate, fili- 

 form, scabrid, connate at the base, deciduous. DISTRIB. Chiefly Europe 

 and W. Asia ; species about 30. ETYM. doubtful. 



1. C. nu'tans, L. ; wings of stem interrupted, head large solitary hemi- 

 spheric drooping, invol. bracts subulate-lanceolate, outer spreading and 

 reflexed. Musk-thistle. 

 Waste places, from Skye and Elgin southd. ; ascends to 1,600 ft. in Yorks. ; 



indigenous in Scotland and Ireland; Channel Islands; fl. July-Sept. 



Biennial, rarely branched, more or less cottony. Stem 1-3 ft., grooved ; 



wings sinuous, very spiny. Leave* 6-12 in., variable, waved, entire or 1-2- 

 . pinnatifid. Heads 1-2 in. diam. ; peduncle slender, and involucre cottony ; 



outer bracts f in., green, spinous tip long. Flowers crimson. Fruit pale 

 - brown, glabrous, granulate. DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa, JST. and W. Asia, 



Himalaya; introd. in N. America. 



