CABDUUS.] COMPOSITE. 225 



2. C. cris'pus, L. ; wings of stem continuous, heads small erect 

 fascicled, peduncles leafy, involucre webbed, bracts erect very slender. 



Hedgebanks and waste places, from Eoss southd. ; ascends to 1,200 ft. in 

 Derby; indigenous (?) in Scotland; S. Ireland; Channel Islands; fl. June- 

 Aug. Annual or biennial. Stem 1-3 ft., erect, cottony or pubescent above ; 

 branches ascending; wings narrow, waved. Leaves variable, cottony 

 beneath, usually pinnatifid ; lobes broad, lobulate. Heads variable, J- in. 

 diam. ; involucre ovoid, bracts subulate webbed. Flowers purple or white. 

 Fruit pale, shining, furrowed. DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic), N. Asia, N.W. 

 Himalaya. A hybrid with nu'tans occurs. 



C. cris'pus proper ; leaves downy beneath, heads small, crowded subglobose, 

 bracts with a slender spine. VAR. C. polyan'thenws, Koch ; leaves pubescent 

 on the nerves beneath, heads small crowded ovoid. VAR. C. acanthoi'des, 

 L. ; leaves broader, heads fewer much larger, bracts with a stout spine, 

 fruit with an 'angled crown. 



3. C. pycnocepli'alus, Jacq. ; wings of stem continuous, heads small 

 fascicled, involucre glabrous narrow, bracts broadly subulate-lanceolate 

 with recurved spines. 



Sindy places, especially on the coast, from Forfar southd. ; rare in W. Scot- 

 land ; common in Ireland; Channel Islands. Annual or biennial, erect, 

 ]-4 ft., branched, hoary. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, pinnatifid; lobes broad, 

 sinuate-toothed. Heads f-1 in., sessile ; invol. bracts few. Flowers pale 

 purple. Fruit grey, shining, minutely pitted, not furrowed. DISTRIB. 

 Europe, from Denmark southd. ; N. Africa. C. tenuiflo'rus, Curt., is hardly 

 distinguished from C. pycnoceph'alus by its broader-winged stem, usually 

 more numerous and smaller heads, and outer invol. bracts with a narrow 

 scarious border. 



28. CNICUS, L. 



Characters of Carduus, but often subdicecious and pappus feathery. 

 DISTRIB. Chiefly European and Oriental; species 150. ETYM. KVJJKOS, 

 the Greek name for a thistle. 



* Upper surface of leaves scabrid. 



1. C. lance ola' tus, Ho/m. ; stem winged, leaves pinnatifid, heads 

 fascicled, involucre ovoid cottony, bracts lanceolate spreading. Spear- 

 thistle. 



Waste places, N. to Shetland ; ascends to 1,500 ft. in Derby ; Ireland ; Channel 

 Islands; fl. July -Oct. Stout, erect, annual or biennial, 2-5 ft. Leaves 

 -1 ft., obovate-lanceolate, setose above, cottony beneath ; lobes few, large, 

 2-fid, toothed, with long stout spines. Heads f-l| in. diam., few, erect ; 

 peduncle short ; invol. bracts very many, subulate, midrib strong, spines 

 long. Flowers purple. Fruit striped, smooth, shining. DISTRIB. Europe, 

 N. Africa, Siberia ; introd. in America. 



2. C. erioph'orus, Ho/m. ; stem not winged, leaves pinnate, heads 

 very large woolly, involucre globose, bracts ciliate, spines slender recurved. 



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