TRAGOPOGON.] COMPOSITE. 243 



in many series, rigid, feathery witli naked tips, the hairs of the bristles 

 horizontal and interlacing. DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa, "W. Asia ; 

 species about 30. ETYM. rpdyos and Truycuv, goat's beard. 



T. praten'sis, L. ; leaf-sheaths much dilated, stem scarcely thickened 



upwards, flowers yellow. Goafs beard. 



Meadows, pastures, and waste places, from Lanark and Caithness southd. ; 

 rare in Scotland and Ireland ; Channel Islands ; fl. June-July. Glabrous or 

 slightly cottony on the involucre, glaucous. Stem 1-2 ft., stout, erect, 

 simple or sparingly branched above. Leaves flexuous, slender, gradually 

 contracted upwards from above the dilated sheath, tip linear ; radical with 

 shorter sheaths, keeled, channelled above, midrib tubular. Heads f-2 in. 

 diam., yellow; involucre obconic, bracts about 8, 2-seriate, flat, often 

 streaked with brown. Fruit variable in roughness ; beak about as long 

 as the body. DISTRIB. Europe, N. and W. Asia, Himalaya. Eoot edible. 

 Flowers close at noon. 



T. praten'sis proper ; flowers as long as the invol. bracts. VAR. T. mi'nor, 

 Fries; flowers ^ as long as the invol. bracts. The most common form. 

 VAR. grandifo'ra, Syme; flowers much longer than the invol. bracts. 

 Kent and Surrey, rare. 



T. PORRIFO'LIITS, L. ; leaf-sheaths slightly dilated, peduncle much 

 thickened upwards, flowers purple. Salsify. 

 Wet meadows, rare and local, nowhere wild ; fl. May-June. Habit and chief 



characters of T. pratensis, but usually larger, with more muricate fruits ; 



ligule as long as or shorter (var. parvi. flora, Bosw.) than the invol. bracts. 



DISTRIB. N. and Mid. Europe, N. and W. Asia/ Occasionally cultivated. 



ORDER XLII. CAMPANULA'CE-ffi (including IiOBElilA'CEJtiB). 



Herbs, rarely shrubs ; juice milky. Leaves alternate, exstipulate. 

 Calyx-limb 5-cleft, \ or wholly superior. Flowers honeyed, proterandrous. 

 Corolla epigynous, usually persistent, tube entire or cleft posteriorly ; 

 limb regular or oblique or 2-labiate, 5-lobed, valvate or induplicate in bud. 

 Stamens 5, epigynous or epipetalous : anthers conniving round the style, 

 basifixed, equal or unequal, naked or tipped with a pencil of hairs. Ovary 

 2-8-celled ; style simple, tipped with a ring of hairs or clothed with 

 deciduous hairs ; stigmas 2-8, hairy on the back, coherent till protruded 

 beyond the anthers, then spreading ; ovules many, horizontal, anatropous, 

 placentas axile, fleshy. Fruit a berry or capsule, 2- or more-celled, many- 

 seeded. Seeds minute, testa usually pitted, albumen fleshy ; embryo 

 subcylindric. DISTRIB. All regions, most abundant in temp, climates ; 

 genera 53 ; species 1,000. AFFINITIES. With Goodeniacece and Cichoracece. 

 PROPERTIES. Acrid and often poisonous, diuretic. 



SUB-ORDER I. Lobeli ese. Corolla irregular. Anthers cohering in a tube. 



1. Lobelia, 

 R 2 



