QUERCUS.] CUPULIFERA1. 367 



each cell. Fruit terete, 1 -seeded, seated in a cupule of imbricating scales. 

 Seed with the remains of the septa and undeveloped ovules attached to its 

 upper or lower part ; cotyledons included in the pericarp in germination. 

 DISTRIB. Of the Order, excl. the S. temp, hemisphere ; species about 

 300. ETYM. The Latin name. 



Q. Ro'bur, L. ; leaves deciduous oblong-obovatc sinuate-lobed. 



Woods, &c., from Sutherland southd. ; ascends to 1,350 ft. in the High- 

 lands ; Ireland ; Channel Islands ; fl. April-May. Trunk 60 to 100 ft., 70 ft. 

 in girth (Cowthorpe oak, Yorkshire) ; bark rugged ; branches tortuous. 

 Leaves 3-6 in., base narrowed rounded or cordate, young pubescent beneath, 

 plaited in bud. Male catkins 1-3 in., appearing with the leaves, pendulous ; 

 bracts linear; flowers small, in distant clusters; sepals hairy. Acorns |-1 

 in., 2-3 together ; cupule with many appressed triangular obtuse imbricating 

 scales. DISTRIB. From the Atlas, Taurus, and Syria, almost to the Arctic 

 circle. The following varieties are very inconstant. 



Q. sessil'ifo'ra, Salisb. ; leaves petioled, peduncles very short. Q. peduncu- 

 la'ta, Ehrh. ; leaves sessile, peduncles long. Q. intermedia, D. Don. ; leaves 

 downy beneath, petioles and peduncles short. 



4. FA'GUS, Tournef. BEECH. 



Trees. Leaves deciduous or evergreen ; stipules caducous. MALE fl. in 

 long-peduncled heads ; bracts small or 0. Calyx 4-7-lobed. Stamens 

 8-40, filaments slender, exserted ; anthers oblong. FEMALE fl. 2-4, in a 

 4-partite involucre of imbricating bracts. Calyx-limb 4-5-toothed. 

 Ovary 3-gonous, 3-celled ; styles 3, linear ; ovules 2 in each cell, pendu- 

 lous from the top. Fruits usually 2 together, 1- rarely 2-3-seeded, 

 compressed 3-gonous or 2-3-winged, enclosed in the hardened or coriaceous 

 scaly involucre. Seed pendulous, crowned with the undeveloped ovules ; 

 cotyledons thin, plaited, leafy after germination. DISTRIB. Temp. 

 Europe, N. Asia (excl. the Himalaya), S. and S. America, S. Australia, 

 New Zealand ; species 15. ETYM. from <(>dyw } from the eatable seeds. 



F. sylvat'ica, L. ; leaves deciduous oblong-ovate obscurely toothed. 

 AVcods in England, especially on chalk and limestone ; ascends to 1,200 ft. iu 

 Derby ; planted in Scotland and Ireland ; fl. April-May. Trunk 118 ft. 

 (King's beech, Ashridge), and 29 ft. girth (Bicton, Devon) ; head 352 ft. 

 diam. (Knowle beech) ; bark smooth, white ; branches horizontal ; buds 

 acute. Leaves 2-3 in., shortly petioled, acuminate, silky when young ; 

 plaited parallel to the nerves in bud ; stipules scarious. Male fl. capitate, 

 pendulous ; peduncle 1-2 in. ; anthers yellow ; female on shorter peduncles. 

 Cupule in., 4-cleft, segments bristly. Fruit 3-quetrous, smooth. DISTRIB. 

 A triangular area between Norway, Asia Minor, and Spain ; Japan. Wood 

 used for tools, carpentry, and fuel ; fruit yields oil, 



5. COR'YLUS, Tournef. HAZEL. 



Shrubs or trees. Leaves deciduous, plaited in bud. MALE catkins 

 slender, pendulous ; bracts cuneate, with 2 bracteoles above their inner 



