368 CUPULIFERJZ. [CoRYLUS.. 



base. Perianth 0. Stamens 4-8, filaments short ; anther-cells separate, 

 tips hairy. FEMALE fl. sessile in pairs in the upper bracts of a minute 

 head, each enclosed in a 3-partite bracteole which enlarges after flowering. 

 Calyx-limb unequally toothed. Ovary 2-celled ; styles filiform ; ovules 

 1 in each cell, pendulous. Fruit woody, 1 -celled, 1 -seeded, enclosed in 

 the greatly enlarged coriaceous more or less cut bract and bracteoles. 

 Cotyledons thick, plano-convex, included in the nut in germination. 

 DISTRIB. Temp. N. hemisphere ; species 7. ETYM. Kopvs, from the 

 cop-like form of the involucre. 



C. Avella'na, L. ; leaves orbicular-cordate doubly serrate cuspidate. 



Copses and hedges, N. to Orkney ; ascends to nearly 1,900 ft. in the High- 

 lands ; Ireland ; Channel Islands ; fl. Feb.-March. A glandular, hispid and 

 pubescent shrub ; rarely a tree 30 ft., with trunk 3 ft. girth at the ground 

 (Eastwell Park, Kent). Leaves 2-4 in., distichous, base unequal, plaited 

 parallel to the midrib in bud ; petiole short ; stipules oblong, obtuse. Male 

 catkins 1-2 in., 2-4 in a raceme, female heads subsessile. Fruit on an elon- 

 gated branch, ^-| in., clustered, woody ; involucre palmately lobed and cut, 

 unarmed. DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa, temp. Asia. Wood very elastic. 

 Nuts yield abundance of bland oil. 



6. CARPI'NUS, Linn. HORNBEAM. 



Trees. Leaves deciduous. MALE. Calkins lateral ; bracts ovate, acute. 

 Stamens 3-12 in the axil of the bract, filaments slender forked ; anther- 

 cells separate, stipitate, tips hairy. FEMALE. Spikes terminal, erect in 

 flower, pendulous in fruit ; bracts ovate-lanceolate, caducous ; flowers in 

 pairs, each in a lobed bracteole which enlarges after flowering. Calyx-limb 

 toothed. Ovary strongly nerved, 2-celled ; styles 2, filiform ; ovules 1 in 

 each cell, pendulous. Fruit almost woody, nerved, 1 -celled, 1 -seeded, en- 

 closed in the large leafy lobed bracteole. Cotyledons fleshy. DISTRIB. 

 N. temp, zone ; species 9. ETYM. The Latin name. 



C. Bet'ulus, L. ; leaves elliptic-ovate doubly serrate hairy beneath, 

 female bracts 3-lobed 3-nerved mid-lobe much the longest. 



From N. Wales, Stafford and Norfolk to Devon and Kent ; planted N. of this 

 and in Ireland ; Channel Islands ; fl. May. A small tree, sometimes 70 ft.; 

 with the trunk (usually flattened) 10 ft. in girth ; bark smooth, light-grey , 

 wood close, white, heavy. Leaves 2-3 in., subdistichous, acute or acuminate, 

 shortly petioled, plaited parallel to the nerves in bud ; st'pules large, linear- 

 oblong. Male catkins 1-2 in., pendulous; bracts ovate-lanceolate, acute. 

 Female 2-4 in., pendulous in fruit, cylindric ; bracteole 1-1 in., entire or 

 toothed. Fruit 5 in., green, 7-11-nerved. DISTRIB. From Gothland 

 southd., W. Asia. Wood the best fuel, very tough and difficult to work. 



